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46
b) EFFECTS OF 4 HAND-DRYING METHODS FOR REMOVING
BACTERIA FROM WASHED HANDS: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL
H
D. R . Gustafson
H
,
H
E. A. Vetter
H
,
H
D. R. Larson
Clinic Proceedings, 2000, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 705-708
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of 4 different drying methods to remove
bacteria from washed hands.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
One hundred adult volunteers participated in this
randomized prospective study. All bacterial counts were determined using a
modified glove-juice sampling procedure. The difference was determined between
the amounts of bacteria on hands artificially contaminated with the bacterium
Micrococcus luteus before washing with a nonantibacterial soap and after drying
by 4 different methods (cloth towels, paper towels, warm forced air from a
mechanical hand-activated dryer, and spontaneous room air evaporation). The
results were analyzed using a nonparametric analysis (the Friedman test). By this
method, changes in bacterial colony-forming unit values for each drying method
were ranked for each subject.
RESULTS
The results for 99 subjects were evaluable. No statistically significant
differences were noted in the numbers of colony-forming units for each drying
method.
CONCLUSION
These data demonstrate no statistically significant differences in
the efficiency of 4 different hand-drying methods for removing bacteria from
washed hands.
drying –
сушка
nonantibacterial soap –
не
H
бактерицидное
мыло
cloth towel –
тканевое
полотенце
hand-activated dryer –
ручная
сушилка
nonparametric analysis –
непараметрический
анализ
rank –
ранжировать
c) ARE WE AWARE HOW CONTAMINATED OUR MOBILE PHONES
WITH NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS ARE?
Fatma Ulger, Saban Esen, Ahmet Dilek, Keramettin Yanik et al
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2009, Vol. 8, No. 7
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to determine the contamination
rate of the healthcare workers' (HCWs') mobile phones and hands in operating
room. Microorganisms from HCWs' hands could be transferred to the surfaces of
the mobile phones during their use.
47
METHODS
200 HCWs were screened; samples from the hands of 200
participants and 200 mobile phones were cultured.
RESULTS
In total, 94.5% of phones demonstrated evidence of bacterial
contamination with different types of bacteria. The gram negative strains were
isolated from mobile phones of 31.3% and the ceftazidime resistant strains from
the hands were 39.5%.
S. aureus
strains isolated from mobile phones of 52% and
those strains isolated from hands of 37.7% were methicillin resistant. Distributions
of the isolated microorganisms from mobile phones were similar to hands isolates.
Some mobile phones were contaminated with nosocomial important pathogens.
CONCLUSION
These results showed that HCWs' hands and their mobile phones
were contaminated with various types of microorganisms. Mobile phones used by
HCWs in daily practice may be a source of nosocomial infections in hospitals.
to transfer –
п
e
реносить
distribution –
распределение
,
распространение
d) EFFECTS OF BACTEREMIA AND HIV SEROPOSITIVITY ON
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Rosita M. Shah
American Journal of Roentgenology, 2000
OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to establish the incidence of lobar versus
bronchopneumonia patterns in patients hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia
and to determine whether bacteremia or HIV status affects the radiographic
appearance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
81 patients with community-acquired
pneumococcal
pneumonia and positive findings on admission chest radiographs
were
selected from a group of 105 patients with positive findings
for
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
from sputum or blood cultures.
Patients less than 16 years old and
those with nosocomial pneumonia,
aspiration pneumonia, or coexistent lung
disease were excluded.
RESULTS
59 (73%) of the 81 patients were bacteremic
and 20 (25%) of the 81
patients were HIV-positive, including
14 patients (17%) who were both bacteremic
and HIV-positive.
Focal lobar consolidation was the most
common pattern,
observed in 48% patients. Multifocal lobar consolidation was
the next most
frequent pattern, occurring in 33%. Multifocal
and focal bronchopneumonia
patterns were seen in 16% and 2%
of the patients, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Lobar consolidation, involving single or multiple
lobes, is the most common
radiographic pattern of community-acquired
pneumococcal pneumonia.
The pattern
of consolidation is not influenced by bacteremia
or HIV status.
involve –
поражать
48
Экскреторные
органы
ЗАНЯТИЕ
9
Выучите
слова
и
выражения
,
наиболее
часто
употребляемые
в
рефератах
:
1.
Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials
Кокрановский
,
или
Кохрановский
,
центральный
регистр
контролируемых
исследований
2.
diuresis
диурез
1.
образование
и
выделение
мочи
2.
количество
мочи
,
выводимой
из
организма
за
определённое
время
)
3.
encopresis
недержание
кала
,
энкопрез
4.
end-stage renal disease
H
терминальная
стадия
почечной
недостаточности
H
;
H
абсолютная
почечная
недостаточность
5.
frequency
частота
6.
glomerular filtration rate
скорость
клубочковой
фильтрации
7.
inhibition
ингибирование
,
угнетение
,
торможение
8.
match
согласовывать
9.
MEDLINE
H
Медлайн
H
(
Американская
национальная
библиотека
медицинской
литературы
)
10.
nocturia
никтурия
(2/3
суточного
мочеиспускания
выделяется
в
ночное
время
)
11.
quality-of-life scores
показатели
качества
жизни
12.
reference list
H
рекомендательный
список
H
,
библиография
13.
relevant studies
релевантные
(
значимые
)
исследования
14.
renal perfusion
почечная
перфузия
15.
renal vascular resistance
почечное
сосудистое
сопротивление
16.
survival rate
коэффициент
выживаемости
,
выживаемость
17.
susceptible
чувствительный
18.
undergo (underwent, undergone)
подвергаться
(
операции
,
обследованию
)
49
19.
urinary incontinence
непроизвольное
мочеиспускание
,
недержание
мочи
,
энурез
20.
urinary retention
задержка
мочи
21.
urinary urgency
H
неотложный
позыв
к
мочеиспусканию
Упражнение
1.
Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
,
обратите
внимание
на
перевод
выделенных
слов
.
1.
We searched
reference lists
of review articles and
relevant studies
.
2.
The effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing urinary tract infections
was assessed in
susceptible
populations.
3.
We assessed the vital status and the risk of
end-stage renal disease
in 3698
kidney donors who donated kidneys.
4.
The survival of kidney donors was similar to that of
controls who
were
matched
for age, sex, and race or ethnic group.
5.
In all patients,
picotamide treatment was associated with an increase in
diuresis
.
6.
Inhibition
of thromboxane A
2
improves kidney
function and beneficially
affects indexes of cardiac performance (
функции
).
7.
The frequency of urinary incontinence
and urinary tract infection in
children with chronic constipation was evaluated.
8.
Lower urinary tract symptoms were
urinary urgency
and
nocturia
.
9.
Further properly
designed studies
with
relevant
outcomes are needed.
10.
Compared with placebo, effective renal plasma
flow and the
glomerular
filtration rate
increased.
11.
These results indicate that renal thromboxane formation plays
an important
role in
renal vascular resistance
in patients with
severe heart failure.
12.
A total of 576 children
underwent
randomization.
13.
Most donors had
quality-of-life scores
that were
better than population
norms.
Упражнение
2.
Прочитайте
рефераты
медицинских
статей
.
Передайте
их
содержание
на
русском
языке
по
схеме
.
a)
CRANBERRIES FOR PREVENTING URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS
Ruth G. Jepson, Jonathan C. Craig
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1
.
BACKGROUND
Cranberries have been used widely for several decades for the
prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs).
50
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing
UTIs in susceptible populations.
DESIGN
A bibliographic search.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials
and reference lists of review articles and relevant studies.
Information was collected on methods, participants, interventions and outcomes.
MAIN RESULTS
Ten studies were included. Cranberry/cranberry-lingonberry
juice versus placebo, juice or water was evaluated in seven studies, and cranberries
tablets versus placebo in four studies. Cranberry products significantly reduced the
incidence of UTIs at 12 months compared with placebo/control. Cranberry
products were more effective reducing the incidence of UTIs in women with
recurrent UTIs, than in elderly men and women or people requiring catheterization.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is some evidence that cranberry juice may
decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12 month period, particularly for
women with recurrent UTIs. It's effectiveness for other groups is less certain.
Further properly designed studies with relevant outcomes are needed.
lingonberry –
брусника
b) LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF KIDNEY DONATION
Robert Foley, Robert F. Bailey, et al
New Engand Journal of Medicine, January 29
BACKGROUND
The overall evidence suggests that living kidney donors have
survival rate similar to that of nondonors and that their risk of
end-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is not increased.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the survival rate and the risk of ESRD in kidney donors
during a long follow-up period.
DESIGN
A controlled cohort study.
METHODS
We assessed the lifetime risk of
ESRD in 3698 kidney donors who
donated kidneys during the period
from 1963 through 2007, we also assessed the
prevalence of hypertension, general health
status, and quality of life in 255 donors.
RESULTS
The survival of kidney donors was similar to that of
controls who were
matched for age, sex, and race or ethnic group.
ESRD developed in 11 donors, a
rate of 180 cases per million
persons per year, as compared with a rate of 268 per
million
per year in the general population. At a mean of
12.2 years after donation,
32.1% of the subgroup
of 255 donors had had hypertension. Most donors had
quality-of-life scores that were
better than population norms.
CONCLUSIONS
Survival and the risk of ESRD in carefully screened
kidney
donors appear to be similar to those in the general population.
Most donors who
were studied had an excellent quality of life.
lifetime risk –
прижизненный
риск