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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ГЕРУНДИЙ

ИНФИНИТИВ

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ЭМФАЗА Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.1. Усилительное doДля усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.She does know the subject well.Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed,то do не переводится.Если предложение вводится союзами although, though,то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.2. Обратный порядок словОбратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.Nowhere could he be found.Его нигде нельзя было найти.Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.Related to this are many factors.С этим связаны многие факторы.Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.He swims very well. So do I.Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.He can’t drive. Neither can I.Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.3. Эмфатические уступительные предложенияImportant as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.4. Двойное отрицаниеОтрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.This is not impossible.Это вполне возможно.This is not uncommon.Это довольно обычно.Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.This is by no means unreasonable.Это вполне разумно.5. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit is...that (which, who)Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.It is he who helped me.Именно он помог мне.It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.6. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit was not until...that Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами только; только тогда, когда; только после.It was not until 1992 that the book was published.Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after.His book was not published until after the war.Его книга была опубликована только после войны.УПРАЖНЕНИЯЧАСТЬ 1Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык. We did apply mathematical methods. A theorist does need to know experimental techniques. Not only does science explain natural phenomena but it also finds ways for their practical application. Not only does scientific information grow quantitatively but it also changes qualitatively. Not only was the relativity theory an achievement in itself, but it also paved the way for later discoveries. Not only did he collect new data but he also interpreted them. Not only did he describe the mechanism but he also explained it. Of special interest is his recent theory. Of great value are our recent results. Of prime importance is efficient organization of research. This rate of the reaction is not impossible. This effect is not improbable. It is he who is interested in speeding up the work. It is he who insists on revising the program. It was Rutherford who discovered the atomic nucleus. It is Smith who objects to including this question in the program. It is these experiments that provided the basis for further research. It is these data that deserve special attention. It was not until World War II that antibiotics were first used. It was not until 17th century that the law of gravitation was formulated. It was not until 13th century that the first clock was made. It was not until 1930 that the first nuclear reaction was observed. It was not until 1957 that the first satellite was launched. It was not until 18th century that the first classification of animals and plants was made. It was not until 19th century that the nature of electricity became known. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. It was not until recently that lasers have found wide application. It was not until recently that the structure of viruses has become known. The theoretical aspects of this phenomenon will not be treated until later. The reaction did not start until the next morning. Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык. He said he would come and he did come. We do not know much of the author. But we do know that all three poems were written by him. Humour is not missing in his work. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. The changes of sound here are not irregular. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting. It is Greek that she wants to study. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. The first part of his work did not come out until 1940. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources. Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes. Lying inside the box was a small ring. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough. Nor can the author resist the temptation of displaying his erudition and introducing foreign words. The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiasoleuntil 1879. The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later. It is not improbable that an inversion of configuration took place. It has not been until recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question. However, what actually does occur remains obscure. Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities. Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail. Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Important as the decisions were, they did not solve the problem confronting them. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. Plotted on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus automation. The figure of merit, useful criterion as it is, must be used with reserve. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Hardly had this result been ignored. ЧАСТЬ 2Переведите на русский язык. This system does perform well. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code. Not always, however, can this limit be used. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction. This essay is not a complete text-book on “How to write...”. Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days. Different as Einstein’s and Newton’s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely. It is the bunched beam that radiates. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains “all the FEL physics”. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the “Controller Area Network.” It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. II It is the subsequent deexcitation processes that lead to chemical reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis process. The use of copper dopant, not expected to block the formation of nickel carbide, does result in a strong decrease in cooking and in the formation of “octopus” type carbon at higher dopant levels. It is the growing intensity of this species that accounts for much of the increased center-of-mass of the NMR lineshape with increased alkali content. Conspicuous by its absence in the spectra of all of these catalysts is a sharp peak at 124 ppm corresponding to gaseous CO2. Evaluating this possibility, an XPS study on supported ruthenium catalysts showed that the Ru core-level binding energies do shift upon the addition of alkali salts, and the shifts are similar regardless of the choice of counterion. These results agree well with the earlier work and so do the values reported by Kramer et al. It were researchers in radiation chemistry who first started to look at the mechanism of chemical reactions involving the plasma state. The enhanced oxygen ion diffusion in SCFC does provide superior cathodic performance compared to LSCF at 700ºC. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below

Приложение 1

Приложение 2

Приложение 3

Приложение 2



Множественное число наиболее употребительных слов

латинского и греческого происхождения



analysis
analyses
– анализ

apparatus
1) apparatus

2) apparatuses
– прибор, аппаратура

axis
axes
– ось

basis
bases
– основание

calculus
calculi
– вычисление

campus
campi
– университетский городок

catalysis
catalyses
– катализ

crisis
crises
– кризис

criterion
criteria
– критерий

curriculum
curricula
– учебный план, программа

datum
data
– данная величина, характеристика

diagnosis
diagnoses
– диагноз

equilibrium
equilibria
– равновесие

focus
foci [sai]
– фокус

formula
formulae
– формула

genesis
geneses
– происхождение

helix
helices [si:z]
– спираль

hypothesis
hypotheses
– гипотеза

index
indices [indisi:z]
– индекс, указатель

lacuna
lacunae
– 1) пробел, пропуск

2) пустота, впадина

locus
loci [sai]
– местоположение

matrix
1) matrices

2) matrixes
– матрица

maximum
maxima
– максимум, максимальное значение

medium
media
– 1) середина

2) среда (физ.)

millennium
millennia
– тысячелетие

minimum
minima
– минимум, минимальное значение

nebula
nebulae
– туманность (астр.)

nova
novae
– новооткрытая звезда или туманность

nucleus
nuclei
– ядро

phenomenon
phenomena
– явление

polyhedron
polyhedra
– многогранник

prognosis
prognoses
– прогноз

radius
radii
– радиус

residuum
residua
– 1) остаток (мат.)

2) осадок (хим.)

series
series
– 1) ряд, серия

2) прогрессия (мат.)

species
species
– вид (биол.)

spectrum
spectra
– спектр

stimulus
stimuli
– стимул

synthesis
syntheses
– синтез

thesis
theses
– 1) тезис

2) диссертация

vertex
vertices
– вершина


Приложение 3



Некоторые слова, вызывающие затруднения при переводе


about
– приблизительно, около

to be about + inf
– быть готовым, собираться

actual - actually
– фактический - фактически

to affect
– влиять на

to effect
– осуществлять

to arise
– возникать

to rise
– подниматься

band
– полоса

bond
– связь

before long
– вскоре

long before
– задолго до

case
– случай, обстоятельство, дело

this is the case

this is not the case
– это так

– это не так

to confirm
– подтверждать

to conform

– соответствовать

considerable
– значительный

considered
– рассматриваемый

continuous
– непрерывный

continued
– дальнейший

data
– данные

date
– число

different
– различный

a different
– другой, отличный от

end
– конец

to this end
– с этой целью

few
– мало, почти не

a few
– несколько

quite a few
– довольно много

followed by
– с последующим, за которым следует

following
– вслед за

former
– прежний, бывший

the former
– первый (из перечисленных)

the former...the latter
– первый...последний

hard
– твердый

hardly
– едва, вряд ли, почти не

if any

if at all
– если вообще (имеется и т.п.)

ingenious
– изобретательный

ingenuous
– простой

to involve
– включать

involved
– рассматриваемый

to be involved
– быть сложным

knowledge
– знание

to the best of our knowledge
– насколько нам известно

least
– наименьший

at least
– по крайней мере

little
– мало, почти не

a little
– немного

large
– большой

at large
– подробно

matter
– 1. вещество; 2. материя; 3. предмет

it is a matter of common

observation

– общеизвестно

may
– возможно

it may be well
– было бы хорошо

it may well be
– вполне возможно, что

the most (interesting)
– наиболее (интересный)

a most (interesting)
– очень (интересный), один из наиболее (интересных)

at most
– самое большое; в лучшем случае

to note
– отмечать

to notice
– замечать

the number
– число

a number
– ряд

object
– цель, предмет

to object
– возражать

only
– только

the only
– единственный

original - originally
– первоначальный - первоначально

principal
– главный

principle
– принцип

to precede
– предшествовать

to proceed
– протекать

procedure
– методика, метод

progressive - progressively
– постепенный - постепенно

provide
– обеспечивать

provided (providing)
– при условии, что

question
– вопрос

in question
– рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый

rather than
– а не; вместо того, чтобы

refer to
– ссылаться, относиться к

refer to as
– называться

rest
– покой, отдых

the rest
– остаток, остальное

for the rest
– в остальном, что касается остального

to repeat
– повторять

repeated - repeatedly
– многократный - многократно

to resume
– возобновлять

resume
– резюме; заключение

safe
– безопасный

to be on the safe side
– на всякий случай

say
– говорить, сказать

(let us) say
– скажем

it goes without saying
– само собой разумеется

state
– состояние (n); устанавливать, формулировать (v)

state of (the) art
– современный уровень развития науки
(техники и т.п.)

as stated above
– как сказано выше

unless otherwise stated
– если не указано особо

substitute by
– заменить первое вторым

substitute for
– заменить второе первым

successful
– успешный

successive
– последовательный

technique
– методика, метод

term
– термин

in terms of
– 1) на основе; исходя из

2) в виде, через, в функции

the two (three, four)
– эти два, оба (все три, четыре)

variable
– переменный, переменная величина

varied
– различный

various
– разнообразный

very
– очень

the very
– тот самый

to vary
– изменяться, различаться













Приложение 4

Формы неправильных глаголов


Все формы одинаковы:

cost
cost
cost
стоить

cut
cut
cut
резать, стричь

hit
hit
hit
ударять, поражать

hurt
hurt
hurt
ранить; причинять вред

let
let
let
допускать, давать возможность

put
put
put
помещать, класть

set
set
set
размещать, класть; устанавливать

shut
shut
shut
закрывать(ся); складывать













2-ая и 3-я формы одинаковы:

bend
bent
bent
сгибаться, подчиняться

bring
brought
brought
приносить

build
built
built
строить

burn
burnt
burnt
гореть

buy
bought
bought
покупать, выкупать

catch
caught
caught
ловить

dig
dug
dug
копать, рыть

dream
dreamt
dreamt
видеть сны

feed
fed
fed
кормить; обеспечивать

feel
felt
felt
чувствовать

find
found
found
находить

get
got
got
получать

have
had
had
иметь

hear
heard
heard
слышать

hold
held
held
держать, удерживать; хранить

keep
kept
kept
держать, хранить

lay
laid
laid
класть, положить

learn
learnt
learnt
учить

leave
left
left
оставлять, покидать

lead
led
led
вести; руководить

lend
lent
lent
давать взаймы

lose
lost
lost
приспосабливаться

make
made
made
совершать, делать; заставлять

mean
meant
meant
значить, подразумевать;
иметь в виду

meet
met
met
встречать

read
read
read
читать

say
said
said
говорить, сказать

sell
sold
sold
продавать

send
sent
sent
посылать, отправлять

shine
shone
shone
светить(ся), освещать; блестеть

shoot
shot
shot
стрелять; внезапно проявиться

sit
sat
sat
сидеть; усаживать, рассаживать

sleep
slept
slept
спать

slide
slid
slid
скользить, поскользнуться

smell
smelt
smelt
чувствовать запах; пахнуть

spend
spent
spent
тратить; проводить время

stand
stood
stood
стоять, быть расположенным

teach
taught
taught
учить

tell
told
told
говорить, рассказывать

think
thought
thought
думать

understand
understood
understood
понимать

win
won
won
победить, добиться

1-ая и 3-я формы совпадают

become
became
become
становиться

come
came
come
приходить, приезжать

run
ran
run
бежать

1-ая и 2-ая формы совпадают

beat
beat
beaten
бить, колотить

Все формы разные

be
was, were
been
быть, иметь место

begin
began
begun
начинаться

bite
bit
bitten
кусать(ся)

blow
blew
blown
дуть

break
broke
broken
ломать, разрушать

choose
chose
chosen
выбирать

do
did
done
делать

draw
drew
drawn
рисовать

drink
drank
drunk
пить

drive
drove
driven
везти; управлять автомобилем

eat
ate
eaten
есть; разъедать, разрушать

fall
fell
fallen
падать

fly
flew
flown
летать, разлетаться (перен.)

forget
forgot
forgotten
забывать, пренебрегать, игнорировать

freeze
froze
frozen
замерзать, застывать

give
gave
given
давать; дарить; предлагать

go
went
gone
идти, ходить

hide
hid
hidden
прятать(ся), скрывать(ся)

know
knew
known
знать

lie
lay
lain
лежать; быть расположенным, простираться

ride
rode
ridden
ехать (на транспорте, верхом)

ring
rang
rung
звенеть, звонить; слышаться

see
saw
seen
видеть, наблюдать

shake
shook
shaken
трясти(сь), качаться, колебаться

sing
sang
sung
петь

speak
spoke
spoken
говорить, выражать свою мысль

steal
stole
stolen
красть

swim
swam
swum
плавать

take
took
taken
брать, хватать, захватывать

tear
tore
torn
рвать(ся), разрывать(ся)

throw
threw
thrown
бросать, кидать

wear
wore
worn
носить

write
wrote
written
писать


ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

С

СИСТЕМА ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫХ ФОРМ ГЛАГОЛА 2

В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ 3

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ 7

ПРИЧАСТИЕ 19

ГЕРУНДИЙ 41

ИНФИНИТИВ 58

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ 78

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 86

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ 97

ЭМФАЗА 111

Приложение 1 120

Приложение 2 122

Приложение 3 124


Марина Викторовна Эстрайх

Екатерина Владимировна Давыдова

Краткий курс грамматики

английского языка с упражнениями

по программе

кандидатского минимума

Подписано в печать Формат Бумага

Усл. печ. л. Тираж экз. Заказ

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