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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ГЕРУНДИЙ

ИНФИНИТИВ

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ЭМФАЗА Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.1. Усилительное doДля усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.She does know the subject well.Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed,то do не переводится.Если предложение вводится союзами although, though,то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.2. Обратный порядок словОбратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.Nowhere could he be found.Его нигде нельзя было найти.Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.Related to this are many factors.С этим связаны многие факторы.Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.He swims very well. So do I.Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.He can’t drive. Neither can I.Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.3. Эмфатические уступительные предложенияImportant as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.4. Двойное отрицаниеОтрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.This is not impossible.Это вполне возможно.This is not uncommon.Это довольно обычно.Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.This is by no means unreasonable.Это вполне разумно.5. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit is...that (which, who)Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.It is he who helped me.Именно он помог мне.It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.6. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit was not until...that Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами только; только тогда, когда; только после.It was not until 1992 that the book was published.Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after.His book was not published until after the war.Его книга была опубликована только после войны.УПРАЖНЕНИЯЧАСТЬ 1Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык. We did apply mathematical methods. A theorist does need to know experimental techniques. Not only does science explain natural phenomena but it also finds ways for their practical application. Not only does scientific information grow quantitatively but it also changes qualitatively. Not only was the relativity theory an achievement in itself, but it also paved the way for later discoveries. Not only did he collect new data but he also interpreted them. Not only did he describe the mechanism but he also explained it. Of special interest is his recent theory. Of great value are our recent results. Of prime importance is efficient organization of research. This rate of the reaction is not impossible. This effect is not improbable. It is he who is interested in speeding up the work. It is he who insists on revising the program. It was Rutherford who discovered the atomic nucleus. It is Smith who objects to including this question in the program. It is these experiments that provided the basis for further research. It is these data that deserve special attention. It was not until World War II that antibiotics were first used. It was not until 17th century that the law of gravitation was formulated. It was not until 13th century that the first clock was made. It was not until 1930 that the first nuclear reaction was observed. It was not until 1957 that the first satellite was launched. It was not until 18th century that the first classification of animals and plants was made. It was not until 19th century that the nature of electricity became known. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. It was not until recently that lasers have found wide application. It was not until recently that the structure of viruses has become known. The theoretical aspects of this phenomenon will not be treated until later. The reaction did not start until the next morning. Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык. He said he would come and he did come. We do not know much of the author. But we do know that all three poems were written by him. Humour is not missing in his work. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. The changes of sound here are not irregular. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting. It is Greek that she wants to study. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. The first part of his work did not come out until 1940. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources. Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes. Lying inside the box was a small ring. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough. Nor can the author resist the temptation of displaying his erudition and introducing foreign words. The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiasoleuntil 1879. The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later. It is not improbable that an inversion of configuration took place. It has not been until recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question. However, what actually does occur remains obscure. Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities. Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail. Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Important as the decisions were, they did not solve the problem confronting them. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. Plotted on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus automation. The figure of merit, useful criterion as it is, must be used with reserve. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Hardly had this result been ignored. ЧАСТЬ 2Переведите на русский язык. This system does perform well. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code. Not always, however, can this limit be used. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction. This essay is not a complete text-book on “How to write...”. Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days. Different as Einstein’s and Newton’s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely. It is the bunched beam that radiates. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains “all the FEL physics”. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the “Controller Area Network.” It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. II It is the subsequent deexcitation processes that lead to chemical reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis process. The use of copper dopant, not expected to block the formation of nickel carbide, does result in a strong decrease in cooking and in the formation of “octopus” type carbon at higher dopant levels. It is the growing intensity of this species that accounts for much of the increased center-of-mass of the NMR lineshape with increased alkali content. Conspicuous by its absence in the spectra of all of these catalysts is a sharp peak at 124 ppm corresponding to gaseous CO2. Evaluating this possibility, an XPS study on supported ruthenium catalysts showed that the Ru core-level binding energies do shift upon the addition of alkali salts, and the shifts are similar regardless of the choice of counterion. These results agree well with the earlier work and so do the values reported by Kramer et al. It were researchers in radiation chemistry who first started to look at the mechanism of chemical reactions involving the plasma state. The enhanced oxygen ion diffusion in SCFC does provide superior cathodic performance compared to LSCF at 700ºC. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below

Приложение 1

Приложение 2

Приложение 3



Упр. 9. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. В последние годы были сделаны попытки классифицировать эти элементы.

  2. В последние десятилетия были проанализированы данные на основе квантовой теории.

  3. В последние годы были собраны ценные статистические данные.

  4. В ряде лабораторий были получены результаты, которые находятся в согласии с нашей гипотезой.

  5. В последние два десятилетия значительные успехи были достигнуты в этой области науки.

  6. В последние годы были приложены большие усилия для выяснения природы старения.

  7. В этом столетии был сделан ряд фундаментальных открытий, которые помогли понять некоторые важные вопросы строения живой материи.

  8. Было сделано немало попыток изучить механизм этих изменений.

  9. Подобные исследования проводятся уже в течение ряда лет.

  10. Данные, которые я собираюсь здесь представить, еще нигде не опубликованы.

  11. До сих пор в этом вопросе была довольно большая путаница, поэтому новые исследования представляют значительный научный интерес.

  12. В последнее время в литературе появилась критика такой интерпретации этих результатов.

  13. В течение последних нескольких лет появился ряд статей, в которых обсуждались различные способы усовершенствования этой методики.

  14. В данной работе сделана попытка применить новую модель и проанализировать результаты ее предварительной проверки.

  15. В данном сообщении основное внимание будет уделено теоретическому рассмотрению вопроса.


ТЕСТ

Выберите нужную форму глагола.


  1. The day before yesterday we (invite) to the restaurant by Tom Jenkins.




a) are invited

b) were invited

c) invited




  1. Look! The bridge (repair).




a) is being repaired

b) is been repaired

c) has being repaired




  1. The letter and the parcel (post) tomorrow.



a) will be post

b) will have been posted

c) will be posted




  1. In Greece the Olympic Games (hold) once in four years.




a) were held

b) are being held

c) are held




  1. The problem (study) for three years, but they haven’t got any results.




a) has been studied

b) has being studied

c) was studied




  1. This book (republish) by the end of September.




a) would been republished

b) will have been republished

c) will been republished




  1. The doctor said that Tommy’s leg (X-rayed) the following day.




a) will be X-rayed

b) would be X-rayed

c) will have been X-rayed




  1. A police car came when the injured man (carry off) the road.




a) was being carried off

b) was been carried off

c) has been carried off




  1. I (bear) in a small Russian town not far from Samara.




a) was borne

b) am born

c) was born




  1. Dad phoned us and asked if our luggage (already/pack).




a) was already being packed

b) had already been packed

c) was packed


ЧАСТЬ 2
Переведите на русский язык.





    1. The only physical connection comes along through the vertex interaction which is determined uniquely by the gauge symmetry.

    2. Other approaches are now being developed, such as using Lie algebraic techniques to carry out perturbation expansion.

    3. It has been mentioned above that formulae and algorithms that implement such formulae are two different things.

    4. Care was taken in tuning the AGS ejection system to minimize background from any extraneous proton beam extracted during the muon storage time.

    5. Emphasis was also placed on minimizing the cost and number of components while keeping in mind the high stability requirements of the system.

    6. This is followed by a very short survey of population genetics.

    7. Copper plating is followed by solder plating.

    8. For technical details the reader is referred to earlier reports in this lecture series.

    9. For further definitions and more extensive discussions on these topics the reader is referred to publication of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements.

    10. This case is referred to as the regenerative beam breakup instability.

    11. The self-generation of current and magnetic field is referred to as the dynamo effect.

    12. The final two sets of events are then referred to as Mc (Monte Carlo) and data.

    13. The time t is referred to as the time constant of the RC circuit

    14. This is referred to as the field-current identity.

    15. Tools are being provided to measure machine optics parameters automatically as part of routine procedures.

    1. No detectable by-products were found when the TIO2/UV/H2O2 system was used.

    2. These results were derived from experiments using the catalyst substrate = 20.

    3. Special attention is given to the problem of diesel fuel manufacturing.

    4. It was indicated that the overall reaction selectivity is adversely affected by the amount of nitrite ions.

    5. Similar behaviour with respect to minimum nitrite accumulation was reported also for Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts.

    6. No significant catalyst deactivation was observed under these conditions.

    7. When the initial photoexcitation occurs in an adsorbate molecule which then interacts with the ground state catalyst substrate, the process is referred to as a catalyzed photoreaction.

    8. In order to get a statistically significant size distribution of particles, many specimens were prepared and investigated by TEM.

    9. An attempt was made to determine whether these substances might sometimes react as dienophiles.

    10. In this regard, attention has been directed to the role of anti-idiotypic antibodies.

    11. Since proflavine does not absorb appreciably between 310 and 400 nm, it was concluded that the radicals were produced by a biphotonic process.

    12. No yield data or biological effects were reported.

    13. No ligand-ligand interaction could be detected in experiments with oligo (dT) in the absence of a complimentary lattice.

    14. These authors noted, however, that the slight preferential binding to TA and CG is strongly affected by sequences, and that predictions of binding that are based only upon the local environment are not valid.

    15. The positively charged carbonium ion cannot be stabilized by general base catalysis as it does not ionize.

    16. It is especially noteworthy that the doublet at the upper (5’) edge of the target site is eliminated in the presence of both (1) and T5C5.

    17. It should be noted that in a previous study the VGTTR peptide was localized in fractions coming out before the total column void volume of Sefadex 6-50.

    18. Primer extension using DNA polymerase is followed by a cloning step.

    19. Base substitution fidelity during DNA synthesis in vitro has been monitored in assays that use single-stranded circular DNA templates.

    20. This is followed by a description of how the structurally dynamic properties of DNA can lead to errors resulting from template-primer misalignments.

    21. Diverse approaches are being taken to understand the molecular basis of nucleotide discrimination during polymerization.

    22. Thus Rees reported that N-acyl-dG could be sulfonated in the presence of arene sulfonyl chlorides and substituted by nitrotriazole during the coupling reactions.

    23. Therefore, the possibility that regulatory rather than structural genes are responsible for Ig-linked idiotype expression must still be entertained.

    24. This method, as it could be expected, lacked sterical specificity and thus led to the formation of the - and  - nucleosides.

    25. Activity was also influenced by temperature.

    26. For additional details of PAGE techniques the interested reader is referred to a previous volume in this series and some other excellent current texts.

    27. Since care was taken in these experiments to exclude the transfer of contaminating M.tuberculosis, this result strongly suggests that clinical effects of the disease are a consequence of an autoimmune reaction in which the auto antigen is shared with M.tuberculosis.

    28. I have always been puzzled by the widespread acceptance of the idea that deoxyinosine is precocious in base pairing because inosine behaves in a precocious manner in tRNA duplex interactions.

    29. As for other classes of polymerase errors, the frequency and specificity of deletion errors are influenced by the DNA sequence.

    30. Thus, by this early date both of the major components of chromatin had been isolated in reasonably pure form.

    31. If these sites are situated on the same polynucleotide chain of a DNA duplex, the reaction product is referred to as an intrastrand cross-link.

    32. For details, the historically minded reader is referred to a number of excellent books and reviews.

    33. The total amount of component I removed from bulk solution is referred to as the total uptake.

    34. Care must be taken to insure that amplified DNA is not brought into this area.

    35. Reagents and supplies should be taken directly from storage cabinets and must never be taken from an area where PCR analyses are being performed.

III


  1. This question was first raised by Erdos and Rado and subsequently was studied by Specker.

  2. This domain is not a field as is shown by simple examples.

  3. A multitude of strategies have been devised to obtain numerical results for the discrete problem.

  4. This condition is frequently referred to as the Weierstrass M test.

  5. An illustration of the behaviour of G is shown in Figure 3.15.

  6. It should be noted that the run-time tests are very simple and efficient.

  7. Problems with constraints of the form c(x) = 0 can be written in terms of optimal control as we have already shown in Section 1.5.

  8. As far as the theorems of this book are concerned the definition (1) could equally well be replaced by the definition (7).

  9. By this mechanism, the global topology of a supermanifold can be used to impose physically interesting constraints on superfields.

  10. As early as about 1900, it was recognized that most mathematical methods consisted of a mixture, in variable proportions, of algebraic theorems and topological theorems.

  11. Much use is made now of influence lines in the theory of structures.

  12. Great care must be taken to eliminate initial curvature of the rod and bad centering of the loads.

  13. Attempts have been made also to determine the order needed to make the error less than a prescribed quantity E.

  14. Hamilton’s discovery was quickly followed by other new algebras, such as the theory of matrices.

  15. It should be remarked that Theorem 4.6 can be phrased in terms of parallel complexity.

  16. This set will be referred to as the core of A.

  17. The members of this subcollection are referred to as open assumptions of the node.

  18. Account was taken of potential savings of primary resources through increased recycling.

  19. That this is the case is suggested by the form in which the principle is frequently applied in elementary mathematical treatises.

ПРИЧАСТИЕ



Формы причастия
Active
Passive

Participle I Indefinite
writing
being written

Participle I Perfect
having written
having been written

Participle II

-
written


Функции причастия
1. Определение. Употребляются только формы Indefinite Active и Passive и Participle II.



В функции определения причастие отвечает на вопрос какой? и может стоять до или после определяемого существительного. Переводится соответствующей формой русских причастий.
He watched the rising temperature.

Он наблюдал за повышающейся температурой.
The method being used will be analysed in detail.

Метод, применяемый сейчас, будет подробно проанализирован.

The data obtained contained some important information.

Полученные данные содержали важную информацию.
Причастия от глаголов involve, concern переводятся “данный”, “рассматриваемый”.

The data involved (concerned) are very important.

Рассматриваемые данные очень важны.
2. Обстоятельство. Употребляются все формы причастия.
В функции обстоятельства причастие отвечает на вопросы: когда? как? почему? при каких обстоятельствах? Переводится на русский язык:

1) деепричастным оборотом;

2) придаточным предложением;

3) существительным с предлогом при.
Carrying out the experiment he observed an interesting phenomenon.

При проведении эксперимента (проводя эксперимент) он наблюдал интересное явление.
Being asked to take part in this work he agreed at once.

Когда его попросили принять участие в этой работе, он немедленно согласился.

Being packed well the goods arrived in good conditions.

Так как товары были хорошо запакованы, они прибыли в хорошем состоянии.

Будучи хорошо запакованными, товары прибыли в хорошем состоянии.
Having finished the experiment he began to analyze the data.

Проведя эксперимент, он начал анализировать данные.
Having been developed very well the method was widely used.

Так как метод был хорошо разработан, он широко использовался.

Будучи хорошо разработанным, этот метод широко использовался.
Considered from this point of view the question is of great importance.

Если рассматривать с этой точки зрения, вопрос представляет большую важность.
Союзы и словосочетания, употребляемые в функции обстоятельства
given – если дано, при условии, при наличии

granted – если допустить

seen – если рассматривать

stated – если сформулировать

as stated above – как указано выше

once – когда, раз, если

unless otherwise stated – если не оговорено особо

(indicated, specified)

except where otherwise (specially) – кроме тех случаев, которые оговорены особо

stated (indicated, specified)
Независимый причастный оборот
В независимом причастном обороте перед причастием стоит существительное или местоимение. Перевод независимого причастного оборота зависит от его места в предложении.
1. Если независимый причастный оборот стоит в начале предложения, то он переводится придаточным предложением с союзами так как, поскольку, когда, если.
Her son being ill, she couldn’t go to the Institute.

Так как ее сын был болен, она не могла пойти в институт.
2. Если независимый причастный оборот стоит в конце предложения, то он переводится с помощью союзов а, и, причем.
He was given two articles, the latter being more helpful.

Ему дали две статьи, причем последняя была более полезной.

Независимый причастный оборот может вводиться предлогом with.
I carried out the experiment with my friend helping me.

Я проводил эксперимент, а мой друг помогал мне.
Предложение с независимым причастным оборотом может начинаться с конструкции There being или It being.
There being little time at our disposal, we couldn’t finish our experiment.

Так как в нашем распоряжении было мало времени, мы не смогли закончить наш эксперимент.
It being very dark, I couldn’t see anything.

Так как было темно, я не мог ничего видеть.
Оборот

"Объектный падеж с причастием"
Этот оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия. Часто употребляется после глаголов физического восприятия: to see, to hear, to watch, to notice, to feel, а также после глаголов, выражающих предположение, мнение, приказание: to consider, to order etc. Переводится придаточным предложением с союзами как или что.
I saw him going to the Institute.

Я видел, как он шел в институт.
We watched her carrying out the experiment.

Мы наблюдали, как она проводила эксперимент.
Иногда перед причастием может стоять союз as.
We consider this compound as consisting of two substances.

Мы считает, что это соединение состоит из двух веществ.
Оборот

"Именительный падеж с причастием"
Этот оборот употребляется после глаголов to consider, to observe, to find, to show и др., стоящих в страдательном залоге. Переводится неопределенно-личным предложением с придаточным, вводимым союзами как или что.
The temperature was observed gradually rising.

Наблюдали, как температура постепенно поднималась.
The work was regarded (having been) completed.

Считали, что работа закончена.
Причастие может вводиться союзом as.
The substance was considered as having admixtures.

Считали, что вещество содержит примеси.

Оборот с причастием, стоящим на первом

месте в предложении и являющимся частью сказуемого
В этом обороте причастие вынесено на первое место в предложении. Перевод следует начинать с обстоятельства или дополнения, затем переводится сказуемое (роль которого выполняет причастие) и, наконец, подлежащее.
Included in the first part are the following data.

В первую часть включены следующие данные.
Standing on the field was a small plane.

На поле стоял маленький самолет.

Упражнения

ЧАСТЬ 1
Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. The books ordered are usually sent by post.

  2. Latin was the ancestor of all the languages mentioned.

  3. Of the three instances cited, only the last possesses a verbal suffix, which is regularly found in other words.

  4. It is known that the language spoken by these tribes was Germanic.

  5. All the questions answered by him concerned his work.

  6. The book referred to here was published last year.

  7. There is only one group of words influenced by this phonetic change.

  8. The review is divided into three parts followed by a brief comment.

  9. These manuscripts are somewhat newer than those referred to in the preceding paragraph.

  10. The language spoken in this small country is of a mixed origin.

  11. Cannon entered Harvard University and in 1896 received his bachelor’s degree followed soon by a master’s degree.

  12. Dickens’s next work was «Oliver Twist», followed in the next year by «Nickolas Nickleby».

  13. The following figures illustrate the extent of losses caused by fire.


Упр. 2. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Поставленная задача является очень трудной.

  2. Статья, на которую ссылались, была опубликована в этом журнале.

  3. Вот книга, о которой говорят.

  4. Смит, а за ним и Браун, рассматривал это явление.

  5. Смит вслед за Брауном рассматривал это явление.

  6. Данные результаты очень важны для нас.

  7. Полученное вещество было проанализировано.

  8. Анализируемое вещество содержит примеси.

  9. Проводимый эксперимент представляет большую важность.

  10. Используется метод, предложенный Смитом.

  11. Подчеркивается важность теории, обсужденной выше.

  12. Уделялось внимание оборудованию, необходимому для эксперимента.


Упр. 3. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Проведенный эксперимент убедителен.

  2. Проводимый сейчас эксперимент дает интересные результаты.

  3. Полученные данные убедительны.

  4. Рассматриваемый вопрос представляет большую важность.

  5. Заказанные книги уже пришли.

  6. Явление, на которое ссылались, было открыто совсем недавно.

  7. Лекция, за которой последовала дискуссия, была очень информативной.

  8. Мы использовали метод, предложенный доктором Брауном.

  9. Полученный ответ не удовлетворил меня.

  10. Делали ссылку на статью, опубликованную в прошлом месяце.

  11. Полученные результаты можно суммировать следующим образом.

  12. В статье дан подробный анализ полученных данных.


Упр. 4. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Он показал список журналов, обычно получаемых библиотекой.

  2. Полученные данные содержали полезную информацию.

  3. Открытие радиоактивности, за которым последовали другие открытия, обозначило новую эру в науке.

  4. Данные результаты очень интересны.

  5. Вместо интегрирования подставили суммирование.

  6. За лекцией последовала дискуссия.

  7. Полученное вещество было исследовано.

  8. Данная проблема представляет большую важность.

  9. Рассматриваемое явление очень сложное.

  10. Используется метод, предложенный Брауном.

  11. Оказывалось предпочтение методу, разработанному нашими учеными.

  12. Учитываются полученные данные.

  13. Доктор Блэк, делавший доклад вчера, представил интересные цифры.

  14. Журналы, взятые в библиотеке, необходимо вернуть через 2 недели.

  15. Заказанные книги уже получены.


Упр. 5. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. Demonstrating his finds an archaeologist usually gives a detailed description of the excavation site.

  2. Being demonstrated at the Institute, the new finds produced a great impression.

  3. When asked why he had done so, he smiled but did not say a word.

  4. If sent two copies of the book, could you send me one?

  5. In the 18th century when seeking for gold and silver many Europeans went to the newly discovered continent of America.

  6. He painted in black and white not being fond of colours.

  7. Many of these questions are fundamental to the problem of the collapse of ancient civilization, yet, having raised them, the author left them unanswered.


Упр. 6. Переведите на английский язык.


  • Падающие листья

  • Поваленное дерево

  • Заходящее солнце

  • Любимый и уважаемый всеми

  • Приглашающая сторона

  • Приглашенный докладчик

  • Переходя улицу

  • Поиграв в футбол

  • Будучи хорошо информированным

  • Переходя к следующему вопросу

  • Проводимый сейчас эксперимент

  • Проведенный эксперимент

  • Обсужденная проблема

  • Обсуждаемая проблема

  • Поставленная задача

  • Проведя серию экспериментов

  • Рассмотрев проблему

  • Переводя статью

  • Будучи переведенной

  • Прожив там много лет

  • Будучи очень консервативным

  • Так как эксперимент был закончен


Упр. 7. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Читая статью, я заметил ошибку.

  2. Читая текст, я не пользовался словарем.

  3. Переведенная на русский язык эта книга пользуется большим спросом.

  4. Переводя статьи, он всегда выписывает новые термины.

  5. Переведя статью, он решил написать аннотацию.

  6. Получив приглашение слишком поздно, он не смог поехать на конференцию.

  7. Будучи приглашенным принять участие в эксперименте, он сразу же согласился.

  8. Получив данные, мы можем перейти к их интерпретации.

  9. Проведя измерения, мы можем перейти к их анализу.

  10. Если не оговорено особо, таблицы универсальны.

  11. Вычисления следует делать, как указано выше.

  12. Если имеются определенные условия, такую работу может выполнить каждый.

  13. Предположим, что гипотеза верна (если допустить).

  14. Предположим, что вычисления верны.

  15. Если сформулировать это правило…

  16. Если сформулировать следующим образом…

  17. Если рассматривать с этой точки зрения…

  18. Переведя статью, он написал конспект.

  19. Обращаясь к конференции, он сказал следующее.

  20. Обсудив этот вопрос, мы перешли к следующему.

  21. Закончив эксперимент, мы начали обрабатывать данные.

  22. Пропутешествовав несколько месяцев, он вернулся домой.

  23. Проводя эксперимент, он столкнулся со многими трудностями.

  24. Когда его попросили помочь, он сразу же согласился.

  25. Если сделать такой справочник (будучи сделанным), он будет очень полезен студентам и аспирантам.


Упр. 8. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. The preparation being completed we began our work.

  2. The first question having been settled we proceeded to another one.

  3. The figure represents an animal, its total length being two and a half inches.

  4. The territory extends for about 150 miles, with a breadth varying from 50 to 100 miles.

  5. There being nobody in the room, he decided to wait.

  6. It being very dark, I couldn’t see anything.

  7. A University was established at Constantinople in 425, teaching being conducted both in Latin and Greek.

  8. Hunting being forbidden there, these little islands are a paradise for geese and ducks.

  9. China was then divided into several kingdoms, each trying to gain the upperhand.

  10. All the values obtained are considerably higher, their mean being 6.45.

  11. A new technique worked out, the yields rose.

  12. We would not come to any conclusions, there being many objections to it.

  13. The matter having been settled, no arguments were taken into account.

  14. There being many biogenetic hypotheses, the reader is referred to the following references.


Упр. 9. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. Working in Northern Italy and France, Leonardo da Vinchi drew many remarkable sketches of aeronautical devices and also made an extensive study of flight of birds.

  2. The properties of metal being mined are unknown.

  3. I rushed to the yard following him.

  4. She entered the hall followed by her pet-dog.

  5. Given to the world in 1938 this work was translated into English only twenty years later.

  6. If translated into European languages this historical work may be helpful both to historians and ethnographers.

  7. When sent to the North he took part in lengthy experiments.

  8. If asked for this book can be found easily.

  9. When cleaned and dried, this canoe weighed sixty pounds.

  10. In those days in Japan, the tea was so much a favourite pastime with the feudal lords that they could not do without it even while occupied with military affairs.

  11. I heard your name mentioned.

  12. We consider this compound as consisting of two substances.

  13. Sometimes we find the simple present and simple past used instead of future and other compound tenses.

  14. Later we find Shakespeare using this style in prose dialogue.

  15. I consider the experiment completed.

  16. We consider the question settled.

  17. We watched the temperature gradually rising.

  18. I often hear his book discussed.

  19. He considers the find as belonging to the 4th century.

  20. I saw the car starting.


Упр. 10. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Я видел, как она бежала.

  2. Я слышал, как он кричал на всех.

  3. Я слышал, как он медленно поднимается по лестнице.

  4. Я слышал, как он с кем-то разговаривал.

  5. Я наблюдал, как он чинил прибор.

  6. Я наблюдал, как она украшала комнату к Новому Году.

  7. Я слышала, как она играла на пианино.

  8. Я слышал, как она пела.

  9. Я слышал, как он делал доклад на конференции.

  10. Я наблюдал, как мама готовила обед.

  11. Я наблюдал, как она варила кофе.

  12. Я наблюдал, как моя маленькая дочка рисовала.

  13. Я наблюдал, как он учился водить машину.

  14. Мы наблюдали, как вставало солнце.

  15. Послушай, как поют птицы.

  16. Я чувствовал, что что-то горит.

  17. Я считаю, что работа закончена.

  18. Я наблюдал, как щенок носится по комнате.

  19. Наблюдали, как он проделывал этот фокус.

  20. Определено, что вещества имеют неизменный состав.

  21. Было видно, как погружалась подводная лодка.

  22. Считают, что эта рукопись относится к 9 веку нашей эры.


Упр. 11. Закончите предложения.

  1. We watched the children

  2. I saw the captain

  3. He didn't hear me

  4. A few years ago I heard

  5. I saw the door

  6. I didn't see them

  7. We saw the plane

  8. Nobody noticed her

  9. I often heard her

  10. We can watch science

  11. One can watch more and more people

  12. Nowadays we see many new areas of research


Упр. 12. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. Unless otherwise stated, all subsequent operations are carried out at 4C.

  2. These values are divided into three groups, the first one consisting only of two values, the second one of four, and the third one of six.

  3. Also shown in Figure I is a proposed secondary structure.

  4. Related to this is the matter of probability.

  5. They have introduced the concept of "superspace", a space parameterized by eight coordinates with the first four coordinates taking their values in the even part of a Grassman algebra and the second four in the odd part.

  6. Also related to the above is the following apparent paradox.

  7. Strictly speaking this is not the case.

  8. The equations can be solved by any of the methods mentioned, including that of matrix decomposition.

  9. Equation 2 is simply a rearrangement of Equation 1 with summation substituted for integration.

  10. When applied twice in the same state this procedure may yield a different natural number.

  11. Surrounding the nucleus are electrons, the total number depending upon the atom being considered.

  12. The problem is out of the scope of our scientific interests belonging as it does to pure mathematics.

  13. Given the value the velocity of a body can easily be evaluated.

  14. The first attempts did not quite reach the goal, the chief trouble lying in the theory of intersections.

  15. The method applied was very helpful having as it did a lot of advantages.


Упр. 13. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. Stated in a simple form, the hypothesis runs as follows.

  2. Unless otherwise stated, all subsequent operations are carried out with the help of the conventional methods.

  3. The problem concerned is out of the scope of my scientific interests.

  4. Calculations should be made as stated above.

  5. Other conditions being equal, the acceleration remains constant.

  6. Putting it another way, this law does not work.

  7. As already mentioned, the value remains constant.

  8. As stated earlier, the data are not accurate.

  9. In this paper we survey the possibilities arising from the application of new high-precision instruments.

  10. We give a review of papers covering the most overwhelming problems in the field of the genetic code mechanisms.

  11. The present work is a survey of the electron transfer mechanisms and underlying phenomena occurring in collisions.

  12. I deal with particle interactions taking place in hot plasma.

  13. The method of analysis used is the same as that employed in the previous section; for this reason the examples chosen will be not analysed in detail, but the results obtained will be discussed briefly.

  14. Having considered the matter they arrived at a definite decision.

  15. Its boundaries having been extended, Moscow has become a city with the largest administrative area in the world.

  16. Other things being equal, iron will oxidize more rapidly than mercury or silver.

  17. All other conditions being equal, the velocity is dependent upon the temperature.

  18. The activities involved in the various space programs have created such a revolution in scientific research and technological development, that this has generally come to be referred to as a new age in man's development, the Space Age.


Упр. 14. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. He had the sink fixed.

  2. He has fixed the sink.

  3. He has his sink fixed.

  4. Where did you have your hair cut?

  5. I want to have my eyes tested.

  6. I had my photo taken.

  7. She wants to have her coat made.

  8. She has made her coat.

  9. I’ve had my laundry done.

  10. We are having the setup repaired.

  11. Charles I had his head cut off.

  12. We had our breakfast made.

  13. We made our breakfast.

  14. She had her mobile stolen.


Упр. 15. Переведите на русский язык.

  1. The data were reproduced, thus confirming our conclusions.

  2. This effect was not reported as obtained elsewhere.

  3. The mixture was observed gradually stirring.

  4. The substance is considered having impurities.

  5. Popov is known having invented the radio.

  6. Hamburgers are said having been brought to America by sailors from Hamburg.

  7. Levi Strauss is known having designed jeans.

  8. Jeans are known having been designed by Levi Strauss.

  9. We consider the work having been completed.

  10. As stated earlier the data are not accurate.

  11. As already mentioned the substance contains admixtures.

  12. As emphasized above these substances are radioactive.

  13. Generally speaking, the article is not of great interest.

  14. Putting it another way, the theory does not work.

  15. Strictly speaking, this is not the case.



Упр. 16. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. The new model has a number of advantages over the old one operating as it does under less rigid conditions.

  2. Knowing as he did the spectral theory Schroedinger could predict the connection between these two phenomena.

  3. Coming as it did so early in the history of kinetic theory, Meyer and Ferri’s experimental result published in 1835, was of great importance in helping to establish the validity of the new interpretation.

  4. The majority of atoms have all their electrons shared.

  5. All electrons may have their k-values changed systematically by the applied field.

  6. Taken together, these effects, occurring as they do in rapid succession, provide a simple interpretation of the production of showers.

  7. The theory of this action is too extensive a subject, belonging as it does to theoretical astronomy.

  8. Associated with the existence of positive and negative ions is a strong absorption coefficient in the infrared.

  9. There exist various kinds of light, each corresponding to some definite “colour”.

  10. The work of L. de Broglie soon followed by the “wave-mechanics” of Schroedinger was of great importance.


Упр. 17. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Информация, имеющаяся в литературе, скудна.

  2. Представленные данные указывают на существование механизма, лежащего в основе этих изменений.

  3. Теоретическое рассмотрение полученных результатов не противоречит основной цели статьи.

  4. Пристальное внимание уделялось проблемам, указанным выше.

  5. Предложенный метод может быть полезен для современных исследований.

  6. Данный метод описывает все особенности системы.

  7. Говоря другими словами, это правило не работает.

  8. Смесь приготавливают, как указано выше.

  9. В статье представлены результаты наших наблюдений.

  10. Был выдвинут ряд гипотез о происхождении этих соединений.

  11. О других данных не сообщалось.

  12. За расширением праймера следует стадия клонирования.

  13. На эти условия мы будем ссылаться в следующем разделе.

  14. Определенное доказательство этого эффекта в настоящее время отсутствует.

  15. Эти интересные соединения еще мало исследованы.

  16. Изолированный продукт был осажден.

  17. В статье дан подробный анализ полученных данных.

  18. Сформулированное в простой форме это правило гласит следующее.

  19. Если не оговорено особо, все последующие операции проводятся при 4° С.

  20. Строго говоря, это не так.

  21. Данная проблема лежит вне пределов моих научных интересов.

  22. Вычисления следует делать, как указано выше.

  23. Как указывалось выше, эти данные не точны.

  24. Эта теория считается вполне убедительной.

  25. Я обнаружил, что этот термин используется и в биохимии.


ТЕСТ
Выберите нужную форму глагола.

1. Ему приготовили завтрак.

He has had his breakfast…

a) making c) made

b) being made d) having been made
2. Закончив испытание, он записал результаты.

…the test, he put down the results.

a) finishing c) having finished

b) being finished d) having been finished
3. Делая опыты, мы тщательно записываем результаты.

…experiments, we carefully put down the results.

a) while making c) having made

b) being made d) having been made
4. Используемые методы увеличивают выпуск машин.

The methods … increase the production of cars.

a) applying c) having applied

b) being applied d) having been applied
5. Прочитав книгу, я вернул ее в библиотеку.

…the book, I returned it to the library.

a) reading c) having read

b) being read d) having been read
6. После того как словари были принесены из библиотеки, студенты начали переводить статью.

The dictionaries … from the library, the students began to translate the article.

a) bringing c) having brought

b) being brought d) having been brought
7. Когда статью перевели, ее отдали специалистам.

When …, the article was given to the specialists.

a) translated c) having been translated

b) translating d) having translated
8. Открытые свойства требовали дальнейшего исследования.

The properties … required further investigation.

a) discovering c) having discovered

b) discovered d) having been discovered

9. Когда Анну спросили, она сказала, что ничего не знает об этом.

When …, Ann said that she knew nothing about it.

a) asking c) having been asked

b) asked d) having asked
10. Я слышала, как моя мама пела в соседней комнате.

I heard my mother … in the next room.

a) sung c) being sung

b) singing d) having sung
11. Я считаю, что эта проблема обсуждена.

I consider this problem …

a) having discussed c) discussed

b) having been discussed d) being discussed

12. Видели, как машина спускалась с холма.

The car was seen … down the hill.

a) having gone c) gone

b) going d) being gone

13. Забор, окружающий сад, недавно покрашен.

The fence … the garden is newly painted.

a) being surrounded c) surrounded

b) having surrounded d) surrounding
14. Он спросил о картине, висевшей здесь раньше.

He asked about the picture … there before.

a) hanging c) that had hung

b) having hung d) having been hung
15. Он посмотрел на имя, написанное на конверте.

He looked at the name … on the envelope.

a) being written c) written

b) having been written d) writing
16. Она слышала, как его имя упоминали несколько раз.

She heard his name …several times.

a) mentioned c) being mentioned

b) mentioning d) having been mentioned

ЧАСТЬ 2
Переведите на русский язык



  1. Figure 1 shows the results obtained 5 years ago.

  2. The rules mentioned above apply to passive structures.

  3. The horizontal arrows shown in the diagram illustrate the results of such catastrophic interactions.

  4. The polarization in a ring equipped with a snake is similar to the spin echo phenomenon used in NMR techniques.

  5. In addition to the beam steering mechanism described above it was also discovered that Pockels cell itself can cause angular steering.

  6. This may account for the solidification morphology observed following electron beam surface melting.

  7. Each process will be passed command line arguments consisting of the program name followed by the arguments specified in the arg parameter.

  8. "Reset" must be driven following power up for at least 200 milliseconds.

  9. This is followed by the second stage track search and track fit.

  10. Using this value, we rescale the energy scale and give revised values for the higher states.

  11. Taking all this into account one arrives at a 4th -order equation for the shifted synchrotron frequency and the growth rate for which a more general stability criterion can be derived.

  12. A process may or may not specify a source rank when receiving a message.

  13. Making use of the z subsample in optical diagnostics, we could characterize different populations of active galactic nuclei.

  14. Being transparent quartz can be optically selected to near-perfection.

  15. Being strongly correlated to this variable, other shape variables were not used.

  16. When placed in a ring residual errors in either plane will give rise to a distortion of the closed orbit.

  17. Depending on photon energy, the interaction can follow different mechanisms.

  18. Unless explicitly stated the following general discussion applies to both B systems.

  19. Given the design gradient of all quads, one can calculate the expected response matrix.

  20. Given a structural description, either generated from a high level language or specified by the user, each complex structure is replaced with a network of the basic gates that perform that function.

  21. Given such a model for the accelerator, one launches a single particle at a starting point in phase space.

  22. Given these quantities, the simulation returns the number of Cherenkov photons selected by the photomultipliers and the error of this measurement.

  23. Ten measurements were made on each of the samples with the average value being reported.

  24. A conventional three-electrode cell was used, the counter-electrode being a platinum sheet.

  25. There may be different mechanisms for saturation, each having a different power dependence.

  26. Such converters are made up of several stages of conversion, the most important being the mechanism-frequency inverter.

  27. A number of measurements were made with Hall probes, the most important being the measurements of the radial component of the magnetic field in the muon storage ring.

  28. The fission fragments are medium weight positive ions with a mass distribution illustrated in Fig. l - 4.

  29. Auger electrons therefore produce a discrete energy spectrum, with different groups corresponding to different initial and final stages.

  30. Another novel aspect of the voltage multiplier is that each "layer" of the device contains four secondary electrodes with each electrode having an angular extent of nearly 90°.

  31. The particle motion being constrained to remain in the horizontal plane, the quantum excitation only causes stochastic spin precessions about the vertical axis.

  32. The oscillation amplitudes being generally small, the resultant spin precession may be considered as a perturbation of the spin motion on the closed orbit.

  33. With 300KV pulse applied to four electrodes in sequence, electrons were accelerated to 1,3MeV.

  34. Closely related to the training sample is the covariance matrix.

  35. Associated with this new bunch analysis possibility is variety of practical questions.

  36. Also shown in Table 3 is an experimental multicast facility that exploits the broadcast medium of networks such as Ethernet.

  37. Not shown in this principle representation is the outer clamping device.

  38. Surrounding the inner tracking system is the core of the ALICE detector - its time projection chamber.

  39. Inherent in this design are aspects that assume risk in order to maximize scientific return within the limited resources allocated to the camera.

  40. In the nonlinear phases of each rotation case we can clearly see transport barriers forming and growing as the rotation is increased.

  41. The method applied was very helpful having as it did a lot of advantages.

  42. Strictly speaking, the collisionless electron skin depth should therefore be zero.

  43. In what follows, however, the term in question will be dropped; the system is therefore, strictly speaking, non-Hamiltonian.

  44. Strictly speaking, you do not need the APLAC Editor at all to make sensible APLAC Simulator run if you are willing to enter your simulations directly in the APLAC language with a text editor.

  45. Generally speaking, it may be stated that the most cross sections of neutron reactions increase as the energy decreases down to very low energies.

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