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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Module I

Computers and Information Technology

Unit 1

Introduction to Computers

Unit 2

Computer Hardware

Unit 3

Computer Software

Unit 4 The Internet Vocabulary 1. create [krı'eıt] творить, создавать2. network ['netwɜ:k] (инфор.) сеть3. spread [spred] распространять(ся), простирать(ся) 4. share [ʃeə] делиться; поделиться5. transfer ['trænsfɜ:] перемещать, передавать6. backbone ['bækbəυn] главная опора; основа; суть7. maintain [meın'teın] (тех.) обслуживать; содержать в исправности8. provide [prə'vaıd] предоставлять (услуги), давать9. provider (информ.) провайдер, поставщик информационных и коммуникационных услуг10. browse [braυz] просмотреть11. browse facility [fə'sılətı] (компьют.) средство просмотра12. feature ['fi:tʃə] (компьют.) функция, функциональность, опция, (сленг) фича (у программного продукта, системы)13. surf the Internet [sɜ:f] «путешествовать» по Интернету (тж. surf the net)14. etiquette ['etıket] этикетпрофессиональная этика15. netiquette ['netıket] (информ.) сетевой этикет16. flood (with spam) [flʌd] засыпать; заваливать(спамом)17. evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] оценивать4.1. How would you describe what the Internet is? Discuss it with your partner.4.2. Match the terms and their definitions.a) Internet b) World Wide Web c) e-mail1. A global network connecting millions of computers. 2. The transmission of messages over communications networks. 3. A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. 4.3. Now read the text and try to describe the Internet again using the key vocabulary in bold type.Believe it or not, the Internet was created way back in 1969, during the Cold War, by the United States military. It was meant to be a "nuke-proof"(1) communications network. Today, the Internet spreads across the globe and consists of countless networks and computers, allowing millions of people to share information. Data that travels long distances on the Internet is transferred on huge lines known collectively as the Internet backbone. The Internet is now maintained by the Internet service pro-viders.Many people think the Internet and the World Wide Web are the same thing. They're not! The World Wide Web is what you are browse. It is one of the many features of the Internet. E-mail, FTP(2), and Instant Messaging (3) are also features of the Internet.(http://www.sharpened.net)(1) "nuke-proof" устойчивый к воздействию ядерного оружия(2) FTP File Transfer Protocol протокол передачи файлов (используемый в Internet протокол передачи файлов между хост-компьютерами)(3) Instant Messaging система мгновенной передачи текстовых сооб-щений4.4. Interview your partners if they surf the Internet. Use the questions given below. Do you often surf the Internet? Which websites do you usually visit? Do you download any programs from the Internet? If so, what are they? Do you belong to any chat forum? Why? / Why not? What feature of the Internet do you consider the most attractive? Why? What is netiquette? 4.5. Read the passage below and think if you always follow the netiquette. Why? / Why not? Discuss it with your partner.Netiquette, or net etiquette, refers to etiquette on the Internet. Good netiquette involves respecting others' privacy and not doing anything online that will annoy or frustrate other people. Three areas where good netiquette is highly stressed are e-mail, online chat, and newsgroups. For example, people that spam other users with unwanted e-mails or flood them with messages have very bad netiquette. You don't want to be one of those people. If you're new to a newsgroup or online chat room, it may help to observe how people communicate with each other before jumping in.4.6.Think of good and bad points of the Internet and fill in the table. You can work either individually or in pairs. Advantages of the Internet Disadvantages of the Internet 4.7. Read Text A, compare your ideas with information given, and extend the table. How many advantages/disadvantages are there in your table? First, study the vocabulary you may need to understand the text.mankind [mæn'kaɪnd] (n) 1) человечество; человеческий род ['mænkaɪnd] 2) мужчины, мужской полmagnitude ['mæɡnɪtju:d] (n) 1) величина, paзмеры, 2) важность; значимостьoutweigh [̗aυt'weɪ] (v) быть тяжелее, превосходить в весеwealth [welθ] (n) изобилие, избытокtarget ['tɑ:ɡɪt] (n) цельadvent ['ædvent] (n) наступление (какой-л. эпохи, какого-л. события), available [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся в распоряжении, entertainment [̗entə'teɪnmənt] (n) развлечение; зрелищное мероприятиеnumerous ['nju:mǝrəs] (adj) многочисленныйavailable [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся в распоряженииtheft [θeft] (n) воровство, кражаobstruct [əb'strʌkt] (v) препятствовать, затруднять, мешатьprone (adj) подверженный (чему-л.)TEXT AAdvantages and Disadvantages of the InternetThe Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, the Internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. But usually, greater magnitude of advantages outweighs its disadvantages. Today the Internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from news across the corner of the world, wealth of information to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favourite movie.Advantages CommunicationThe main target of the Internet has always been the communication. By the advent of the Internet, our earth has become a global village. Now we can communicate with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world.Information Information is probably the biggest advantage the Internet offers. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research purpose of gathering resources. Entertainment Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the entertainments. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet. Services Many services are now provided on the Internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets. Often these services are not available off-line or can cost you more. E-Commerce It has got a really amazing and wide range of products from technology to household needs. Disadvantages Theft of personal information If you use the Internet, you may be facing danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number, etc. can be accessed and used by a criminal.SpammingSpamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails, which provide no purpose and obstruct the entire system. Virus threat Computers attached to the Internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk. PornographyThis is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life. (http://www.buzzle.com)4.8. Match the words below to make word partners.1. global a. chat rooms2. surf b. privacy3. visit c. danger4. download d. village5. household e. needs6. face f. disk7. hard g. the Internet8. respect h. games4.9. Now use the word partners to complete these sentences. McLuhan believes that the world is rapidly becoming a ________, in which mankind is interconnected by contemporary technology, especially television and the world wide web. This method will allow you to _________ without leaving any information about what browser you're using, which computer system you have. Many people who ________ use them as a place to discuss their problems and get a kind of a support. People of all ages visit special free sites to safely ___________ of high quality. You are not computer addict, so low-powered computer is suitable for all your _________. How does computer software usually react when it ________ of virus attack? _____ can store anywhere from 20MB to more than 200GB. Sites like Facebook must ___________. They should not tell my friends what I buy on other sites. 4.10. Analyse the “-ing” form words in bold type in Text A. Are they gerunds? Why/Why not?Do you know that…? Because a gerund (base form of VERB+ -ing) acts as a noun, it can be used after prepositions, too. (e.g. That computer programmer is famous for spilling coffee into his keyboard. Complete the sentences, using gerund.1. He never thought of ____.2. This student is very clever at _____.3. I don’t insist on ____.4. We were tired of _____.5. Did you succeed in ____?6. Who is responsible for ____?7. They were grateful for ____.8. He had some difficulty in ____.Now give your own examples.4.11. Work in pairs or in small groups. Discuss if you always trust the information from the Internet? Why/Why not?Now skim Text B and say what the main idea of the text is.4.12. Read Text B and give your ideas on what could help Zack to understand that Professor Butz's Web page wasn't a reliable source of information?(To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)TEXT BThe Web – Teaching Zack to ThinkAs more and more students access the Internet for research, it's important that they learn how to validate online information. The Internet is a place where you can find "proof" of almost any belief system that you can imagine. And, for too many students, "If it's on the Internet, it must be true."The following story is also true.Fourteen-year-old Zack was asked to research a unique topic for his history class. Zack knew a bit about using reliable sources on the Internet, so when he found some information on a Web page on the US Northwestern University site he felt sure that he had found a reliable source of information for his project. The topic was unique too–Holocaust Revisionism–Zack had never heard of that before, so he decided to write his history paper on "How the Holocaust Never Happened."Zack found his "information" from a Web page at http://pubweb. northwestern.edu/abutz/ (no longer at this URL), titled "Home Web Page of Arthur R. Butz." On his low-key home page, Butz explained that he wrote "A short introduction to the study of Holocaust revisionism" and that his material was intended for "advanced students of Holocaust revisionism." At the top of the page Butz identified himself as "Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University». His article began with the following: “I see principal reasons for the widespread but erroneous belief in the legend of millions of Jews killed by the Germans during World War II: During both world wars Germany was forced to fight typhus… That was one of the main reasons for a high death rate in the camps, and the crematoria... Look at the above situation from the perspective of a 14-year-old, untrained to think critically about information. He's researching the Holocaust, and suddenly finds this Web page. His teacher told him to find a unique topic, and this certainly fit the bill. The page is simple and clear. It's written in a calm, logical tone. The page is clearly intended for experts in its field. Best of all is the source: Northwestern University! And a professor to boot! Perfect. validate ['vælɪdeɪt] v проверять достоверностьproof [pru:f] (n) доказательствоbelief [bɪ'li:f] (n) убеждение, мнение; вераreliable [rɪ'laɪ əbl] (adj) заслуживающий доверия, достоверныйreliable information – достоверные сведенияreliable source – достоверный, надежный источникlow-key (adj) 1) неброский; сдержанный2) гамма тёмных тоновin a lowkey – в тёмных тонах Associate Professor доцент университетаwidespread ['waɪdspred] (adj) широко распространённыйerroneous [ɪ'rəυnɪəs] (adj) ложный; ошибочный;typhus ['taɪfəs] (n) сыпной тифfit the bill отвечать всем требованиямto boot к общей пользе; вдобавок; к тому же4.13. Now read Text C and check your ideas. (To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)TEXT CThinking about What We've FoundThe fact is that students increasingly depend on the Internet for information, so it's important that they develop ways to evaluate their findings. Zack could have used some, or all, of the following techniques to decide whether the site was a reliable source for information.PurposeTry to determine a Web site's purpose. What is it trying to do? Why was it created? Most Web sites are designed to sell services and products, present information, put ideas forward, or entertain. Many sites do several of these at once.A Web site's purpose will not always be clear. Look at Butz's site. His purpose is surely advocacy, although he comes across as an objective information provider, especially in the closing sentence of his article: "Surely any thoughtful person must be skeptical." Would a 14-year-old know how to distinguish between objective information and propaganda?Understand the purpose(s) of a Web site, and that those purpose(s) may not be entirely obvious. Author The next step in validation involves the site's author. We all know that it's easy to fool people. Many people will believe someone if he or she sounds authoritative. Butz is a professor, sure, but he's an Engineering professor. How does that qualify him to speak as an expert on the Holocaust? It doesn't. But people see "Professor" and take what he says seriously.Zack didn't know anything about Butz, but could have researched his background. If Zack ran a search for "Arthur Butz," on the search engine Google, he would find Butz's name on a page titled "Holocaust Deniers" at the Web site for the anti-hate organization HateWatch (http://www.spl-center.org/intel/hatewatch/). Similarly, Zack would find Butz's article at a second hate directory site listed under "A Guide to Hate Groups on the Internet: Hate Books, Newsletters and Articles". Zack would find Butz mentioned negatively in a March 1998 USA Today article titled, "College anti-Semitism on the rise, according to new report." Zack would also find Butz's book described as popular among "anti-Semites" in a review of Deborah Lipstadt's book Denying the Holocaust.If Zack had run this multi-search on Butz, he would have seen how other people categorize Butz' work.Establish the credibility of the author. Meta-Web Information Meta-Web information validates Web pages solely within the context of other Web pages.Let's start with the URL, or address, of a Web page. You need to know when they're accessing a personal home page. Most Internet Service Providers give their subscribers a few megabytes of free space on a Web server to use as they want.Here are two sample URLs: and stefan/>. An experienced Web user knows that both URLs point to personal home pages.In the first example, the word "users" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through cdsinet.net. In the second example, focus on the . A tilde () indicates a Web site that has been created by someone given space on a Web server. "stefan" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through icon-stl.net.Knowing the above, if Zack had looked at Butz's URL - abutz/index.html> – he'd have seen the , an indicator that this is a personal Web site. Just as Zack can know something about individuals by their clothing, he can learn about a Web site by looking at its URL. Clothing tells us a lot, but the company a person keeps tells us more. Learning how a Web page interacts within the network of all other Web sites is valuable information.Meta-information sources.It is always a good idea to look beyond the Internet for sources of authentic information.evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] (v) оценивать; определять количество, качество и т. п.technique [tek'ni:k] (n) метод; способdetermine [dɪ'tɜ:mɪn] (v) определять; устанавливатьentertain [̗entə'teɪn] (v) развлекать, заниматьadvocacy ['ædvəkəsɪ] (n) 1) защита2) пропаганда (взглядов и т. п.)distinguish [dɪ'stɪŋɡwɪʃ] (v) различать, распознаватьauthoritative [ɔ:'θɒrɪtətɪv] (adj) авторитетный; надёжныйdeny [dɪ'naɪ] (v) отрицать, отвергатьdenier тот, кто что-либо отвергаетcredibility [̗krədə'bɪlətɪ] (n) вероятность, правдоподобиеexperienced [ɪk'spɪərɪənst] опытный, знающийtilde ['tɪldə] (n) (полигр.) тильда (tilde)beyond [bɪ'jɒnd] (prep) за; по ту сторону, внеauthentic [ɔ:'θentɪk] (a) 1) подлинный, аутентичный2) достоверный, верный4.14. Translate the text into English and then finish it. Use the vocabulary from the Texts B,C.Все большее количество студентов используют Интернет как источник информации для своих исследований. Сегодня в Интернете можно найти доказательства любых идей, которые могут прийти вам в голову. А ведь многие считают ту информацию, которая представлена в Интернете вполне достоверной. Но это не так. Поэтому очень важно научиться оценивать достоверность такой информации. Для того чтобы определить является ли сайт надежным источником информации, можно использовать несколько методов: ___________4.15. Write a list of recommendations to help students critically evaluate the reliability of a Web site.4.16. Do the crossword.1. Electronic messages sent to someone over the Internet. 2. Copy information from a web site to your own computer.3. The place on the Internet where a company/organization/etc stores its documents. 4. A system linking millions of documents stored on Internet computers around the world.5. Move form one document or web site to another, to find information.6. Text, image or button that connects to other destination on the web.7. A device that makes connecting to the Internet possible.8. A group of computers joined together. 9. Now provide your own definition. 9 1 o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   15

Module II

Fundamentals of Engineering

Unit 5

Engineering

Unit 6

Engineering Materials

Unit 7

Nanotechnology

Unit 8

Robotics

Unit 9

My Faculty

Module III

Job-hunting

Unit 10

Finding a Job

Unit 11

Making a Choice

Unit 12

Working Life

Unit 13

Employment

Unit 14

A Job Interview. CV. A Letter of Application

References



proportional grasp attached closed-loop compares direction converts


8.18. Using the diagram and the explanation fill in the following table:

Element of the system
Function








8.19. Design a robot to do a dangerous or boring job for you. Draw a rough sketch and make notes about how it works.

Model:

What the robot is for

How it works
It is to pick up the socks in my bedroom

The sensor smells ..., the arm ...


8.20. Discuss your ideas with a partner. Comment on your partner's idea.

Model:

What powers the robot? Where does it put the socks?

Unit 9

My Faculty

Vocabulary

1. to enter the University поступить

в университет

2. to take / to pass entrance [´entrәns] сдавать / сдать

exams вступительные экзамены
3. to be admitted to the [әd´mıtıd] быть принятым

faculty на факультет

4. full-time / part-time / дневная / вечерняя /

extramural forms [‚ekstrә´mj|әrәl] заочная формы

of education обучения

5. to be set up быть основанным

(syn. to be founded,

to be formed,

to be organized)

6. to be situated быть расположенным

(syn. to be located)

7. teaching block учебный корпус

8. dean декан

9. dean’s office деканат

10. to take office вступить в должность

11. academic staff [stä:f] профессорско-

(syn. teaching staff) преподавательский состав

12. curriculum (pl. curricula) [kә´rıkj|lәm] учебный план

13. bias (syn. major, [baıәs] [´meıdžә] профилирующие

core) subjects [ké:] предметы

14. general (syn. minor) [´maınә] непрофилирующие

subjects предметы

15. elective courses [ı´lektıv] курсы по выбору

16. instructional [ın´stršk∫n(ә)l учебная

laboratory lә´bãrәt(ә)rı] лаборатория

17. to equip [ı´kwıp] оборудовать

18. to participate [pä:´tısı‚peıt] принимать участие

(syn. to take part)

19. research [rı´ sît∫, ´ri:sî:t∫ ] исследование

20. career-oriented / [kә´rıә ´é:riәntıd] студент,

research-oriented ориентированный

student на практическую /

исследовательскую

деятельность

21. to offer a multi-level предлагать

education scheme [ski:m] многоуровневую

систему образования

22. to award a degree [ә´wé:d] присвоить степень

23. Bachelor’s / Master of [´bæt∫әlә] степень бакалавра /

Science degree / Diploma [dı´plә|mә] магистра /

in Engineering диплом инженера

24. to take a postgraduate [pә|st´grædž|әt] учиться в аспирантуре

course

25. to have practical training проходить практику

26. to graduate from the [´grædžu‚eıt] окончить университет

University

27. graduate [´grædžuәt] выпускник

9.1. Fill in the gaps with information about your faculty. For reference visit http://www.nstu.ru.

The students of our group _____ the University last year. There are _____ faculties at NSTU. I was admitted to _____. Our faculty was set up in _____. The dean’s office is situated in teaching block _____. The dean of our faculty is _____. He took office in _____. The _____ includes _____ professors and teachers.

Minor subjects are studied in the first and second year. Students begin to study _____ in the third year. They can also choose _____ courses.

The faculty offers a _____ education scheme. It takes students four years to get a _____ degree. Research-oriented students can continue their studies, _____ in scientific research and be awarded a _____ degree. Graduates can take a _____ course.

Students have practical training in _____. After graduating from the University I am going to work in _____.
9.2. What are synonyms of the following words?

  1. to be founded

  2. to be situated

  3. academic staff

  4. general subjects

  5. bias subjects

  6. to participate


9.3. Match the items and their opposites

  1. to graduate from the University

  2. to fail the exams

  3. minor

  4. career-oriented

  5. one-level education scheme

    1. research-oriented

    2. to enter the university

    3. multi-level education scheme

    4. major

    5. to pass exams


9.4. Make up all possible word combinations. Make sentences with the combinations.

      1. academic

      2. to award

      3. dean’s

      4. to enter

      5. to have

      6. instructional

      7. major

      8. to pass

      9. to take

      10. teaching

  1. block

  2. a course

  3. a degree

  4. an exam

  5. laboratory

  6. office

  7. practical training

  8. staff

  9. subject

  10. a university


9.5. Read and translate the names of the faculties. Which of them do you study at?

Aircraft

[´eә‚krä:ft]

Applied Mathematics and
Information Science

[ә‚plaıd mæθә´mætıks әnd
‚ınfә‚meı∫n ´saıәns]

Automation and Computer Engineering

[‚é:tә´meı∫n әnd kәm‚pju:tә
‚endžı´nıәrıŋ]

Business Administration

[´bıznәs әd‚mını´streı∫n]

Humanities

[hju:´mænәtiz]
Mechanics and Technology

[mı´kænıks әnd tek´nãlәdži]

Mechatronics and Automation

[‚mekә´trãnıks әnd ‚é:tә´meı∫n]

Physical Engineering

[‚fızıkl ‚endžı´nıәrıŋ]

Power Engineering

[‚pa|ә ‚endžı´nıәrıŋ]

Radio Engineering, Electronics and Physics

[‚reıdiә| ‚endžı´nıәrıŋ

‚elek´trãnıks әnd ´fızıks]


9.6. Answer the following questions.

  1. How many faculties are there at NSTU?

  2. Which faculty were you admitted to?

  3. What forms of education does your faculty offer?

  4. When was your faculty set up?

  5. Where is your dean’s office situated?

  6. Who is your dean?

  7. When did he take office?

  8. What general subjects of the curriculum are studied by the first-year students?

  9. When do students begin to study major subjects?

  10. Are there elective courses at your faculty?

  11. What are instructional laboratories equipped with?

  12. What education scheme does your faculty offer?

  13. Are you a research- or a career-oriented student?

  14. How long does it take students to get a Bachelor’s degree?

  15. When is a Master’s degree awarded?

  16. Do students of your faculty participate in scientific research?

  17. Where can you take a postgraduate course?

  18. Where do students of your faculty have practical training?

  19. Where do the graduates of your faculty work?

  20. Where are you going to work after graduating from the University?


9.7. Translate into English. Fill in the gaps in Sentence 7 with information about your faculty and speciality.

  1. Факультет готовит специалистов в широком спектре областей, так что каждый студент может легко выбрать область специализации.

  2. Студенты учатся профессионально использовать и обслуживать современное оборудование, чтобы эффективно применять его в своей учебной, исследовательской и практической деятельности.

  3. Студентам предоставляется возможность не только получить самые современные знания в выбранной области, но и выполнять исследования и участвовать в инженерных разработках.

  4. В соответствии с многоуровневой системой образования, введенной на факультете, студентам, успешно окончившим курс обучения, присуждается степень бакалавра, магистра или диплом инженера.

  5. Квалификация, полученная на факультете, позволит выпускникам найти хорошую работу в выбранной сфере.

  6. Выпускники, имеющие степень магистра или диплом инженера и ориентированные на научную деятельность, могут поступить в аспирантуру и получить ученую степень кандидата наук.

  7. Студенты, специализирующиеся в _____, обучаются _____, и после окончания университета смогут работать в сфере _____.


9.8. Match the words and their definitions.

1. day release

2. to drop out

3. tough

4. mock

5. binary

6. to be keen on sth

7. to assess

8. strict
a) to make a judgment after considering carefully

b) using combinations of the numbers 0 and 1

c) a system by which workers spend one day
a week at a college to study a subject related to their work

d) to leave before finishing what was intended to do

e) to be interested in sth and enjoy it

f) not real but intended to look or seem real

g) expecting people to obey rules completely

h) difficult

9.9. You are going to hear an interview with Alan, a Scottish student of electronics at a college of higher education. Here are some of Alan’s answers. What were the questions?

  1. _____?

Nineteen.

  1. _____?

It's a National Certificate in Information Technology.

  1. _____?

Full-time.

  1. _____?

A year. It finishes at the end of June.

  1. _____?

Twelve.

  1. _____?

Electrical Principles, Digital and Analogue Electronics. These are first thing in the morning. Then we've got Communications.

Listen to the interview and check. Answer the same questions about yourself.
9.10. Here is Alan’s weekly timetable. Some of the information is missing. Listen to the interview and complete the timetable. What does Alan do during each of the classes?
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

8.45–10.15
Electrical Principles
Analogue Electronics
Analogue Electronics
Electrical Principles
(5) _____

10.45–12.15
(1) _____
(2) _____
Communications
Computing
(6) _____

1.15–2.45
Maths
(3) _____
(4) _____
Maths
Maths

3.00–4.30
Programmable
Systems
(3) _____
(4) _____
Programmable
Systems
Digital Electronics


9.11. Answer the following questions:

  1. Why did so many students drop out of Alan’s course?

  2. What does he mean saying that Communications is not his scene? Why?

  3. Why is it hard to use the indoor stadium?

  4. Why is there a problem with Alan’s motorbike?

9.12. Compare the course Alan studies with yours. Would you like to take such a course? Why? Why not?

Conditional Sentences

Condition
Subordinate clause
Principal Clause
Translation

Real
If he works hard,

If the equipment

is delivered on time,
he will pass the exam well.
we will start the experiment on the 1st of October.



Unreal
Present/

Future
If he worked hard,

If the equipment

were delivered on time,
he would pass the exam well.
we would start the experiment on the 1st of October.
бы

Past
If he had worked hard,
If the equipment

had been delivered on time,
he would have passed

his previous exam well.
we would have started

the experiment

on the 1st of October 2008.


9.13. Which is right?

    1. If you study/will study hard, you will pass your exam.

    2. I will translate this text if I get/will get a dictionary.

    3. If you find/will find the exact meaning of the word, you will understand the sentence.

    4. The student will not make mistakes if he observes/willobserve the rules.

    5. I finish/will finish the work tomorrow if you help me.

    6. If they change/will change some details, they will be able to improve the design.


9.14. Listen to Jenny and Mark and answer the following questions:

    1. What are their goals?

    2. What are they going to do to achieve them?

    3. What are they going to begin with?

9.15. Think of what you want to achieve. Think how you could start. Write a similar chain of sentences (6–8) paying attention to the verb forms.
9.16. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences paying attention to the type of Conditional used.

1. If I come home early,
2. If the books were available in the library,

3. If we had been told about the lecture,

4. If I saw our lecturer,
5. If theory is accompanied by practical training,

6. If we had had all the necessary books,

7. If I were free,
8. If the students had been more careful,

9. If they receive all the necessary equipment,

a) they wouldn’t have broken the new apparatus.

b) they will be able to carry out their experiment.

c) I would help you with pleasure.
d) we would have made our report in time.

e) students could start this work right now.

f) I would ask him to explain this difficult material again.

g) students can apply their knowledge effectively.

h) I’ll be able to begin reading for my exam today.

i) we would have come by all means.


9.17. Rewrite each sentence with all possible types of condition.

    1. If you (be) busy, I (leave) you alone.

    2. If I (live) in Moscow, I (study) at MSU.

    3. She (try) to enter the university if she (be good at) Maths.

    4. If you (not work) systematically, you (fail) at the examination.

    5. They all (be surprised) if I (make) such a mistake.

    6. If no one (come) to help, we (have) to do the work ourselves.


9.18. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the verb.

  1. If he (work) hard, he will achieve great progress.

  2. I (solve) the problem long ago if you had not disturbed me.

  3. If she (not be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better
    student.

  4. If I (not attend) the lecture, I would not have understood this difficult rule.

  5. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (increase) greatly.

  6. I (not do) it if you did not ask me.


9.19. Would you like to change something at your faculty? Imagine that you are taking part in the elections of the Dean. Write a speech to convince people to elect you the Dean of your faculty. Begin it like

If I were the Dean of the Faculty, I would ….
9.20. Write Conditional sentences.

Model: I came home early and was able to finish my report on time. If __

If I hadn’t come home early, I wouldn’t have been able to finish my report on time.

  1. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that's why you always make many mistakes. If _____

  2. Не always gets top marks in mathematics be­cause it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If _____

  3. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary.
    If _____

  4. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If _____

  5. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If _____

  6. The students worked hard and did well in their examinations. If _____


9.21. Translate into English:

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