Файл: Методические указания Новосибирск 2009.doc

Greyware

Sometimes developers will include tools and programs within software that some may view as malware, but really, it falls into the grey area between malicious software and software, hence the name greyware. Greyware is the term used to categorize all other malicious or annoying software such as adware, spyware, trackware, and other malicious code and malicious software fall under.

In addition to these types of software, there are more terms to describe software that is distributed with common tools and utilities that don't necessarily cause harm to your computer or are a security risk. Some of these terms are slang terms used to describe unwanted features found in applications software.

Freeware is copyrighted software given away for free by the author. The author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly allowed by the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the software, but not sell it.

Shareware is software that distributed on the basis of an honor system. Most shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author usually requests that you pay a small fee if you like the program and use it regularly.

Nagware is the term given to software that routinely issues a pop-up window or other form of visual interface asking the user to register a product, purchase an application or take another form of action.

Bloatware is a slang term given to software that has so many features that it requires considerable disk space and memory resources to run.

Abandonware is software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher.

Considered a type of adware, slimeware is the slang term used to describe software that interferes with the user experience by changing key settings in order to gain profit. For example, slimeware may change your Internet browser default home page to one where you view a company's banner ad or products for sale.

Software that is remotely accessed online usually with a Web browser, is called webware (although its more formal names are Web applications or online software.

Lastly, there's warez which is a term that has been around for quite some time. Pronounced wayrz or wayrss, it is the name given to commercial systems software or applications software that has been pirated and made available to the public via a BBS or the Internet. Typically, those who pirate software, often called crackers, have figured out a way to de-activate the copy protection or registration scheme used by the software. The use and distribution of warez software is illegal.

(http://www.webopedia.com)
3.15. Work in pairs or small groups. Using the list of software terms and definitions you’ve made, check if your partners understand them.
3.16. Use http://www.webopedia.comor any other sites toinvestigate something new in computer software and present your information to your group.

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Unit 4

The Internet

Vocabulary

1. create [krı'eıt] творить, создавать

2. network ['netwɜ:k] (инфор.) сеть

3. spread [spred] распространять(ся), простирать(ся)

4. share [ʃeə] делиться; поделиться

5. transfer ['trænsfɜ:] перемещать, передавать

6. backbone ['bækbəυn] главная опора; основа; суть

7. maintain [meın'teın] (тех.) обслуживать; содержать в исправности

8. provide [prə'vaıd] предоставлять (услуги), давать

9. provider (информ.) провайдер,

поставщик информационных

и коммуникационных услуг

10. browse [braυz] просмотреть

11. browse facility [fə'sılətı] (компьют.) средство просмотра

12. feature ['fi:tʃə] (компьют.) функция,

функциональность, опция,

(сленг) фича (у программного

продукта, системы)

13. surf the Internet [sɜ:f] «путешествовать» по Интернету

(тж. surf the net)

14. etiquette ['etıket] этикет

профессиональная этика

15. netiquette ['netıket] (информ.) сетевой этикет

16. flood (with spam) [flʌd] засыпать; заваливать(спамом)

17. evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] оценивать
4.1. How would you describe what the Internet is? Discuss it with your partner.
4.2. Match the terms and their definitions.

a) Internet

b) World Wide Web

c) e-mail

1. A global network connecting millions of computers.

2. The transmission of messages over communications networks.

3. A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents.
4.3. Now read the text and try to describe the Internet again using the key vocabulary in bold type.

Believe it or not, the Internet was created way back in 1969, during the Cold War, by the United States military. It was meant to be a "nuke-proof"(1) communications network. Today, the Internet spreads across the globe and consists of countless networks and computers, allowing millions of people to share information. Data that travels long distances on the Internet is transferred on huge lines known collectively as the Internet backbone. The Internet is now maintained by the Internet service pro-viders.

Many people think the Internet and the World Wide Web are the same thing. They're not! The World Wide Web is what you are browse. It is one of the many features of the Internet. E-mail, FTP(2), and Instant Messaging (3) are also features of the Internet.

(http://www.sharpened.net)

(1) "nuke-proof" устойчивый к воздействию ядерного оружия

(2) FTP File Transfer Protocol протокол передачи файлов (используемый в Internet протокол передачи файлов между хост-компьютерами)

(3) Instant Messaging система мгновенной передачи текстовых сооб-щений
4.4. Interview your partners if they surf the Internet. Use the questions given below.

1. 
   Do you often surf the Internet? Which websites do you usually visit?
   
2. 
   Do you download any programs from the Internet? If so, what are they?
   
3. 
   Do you belong to any chat forum? Why? / Why not?
   
4. 
   What feature of the Internet do you consider the most attractive? Why?
   
5. 
   What is netiquette?
   

4.5. Read the passage below and think if you always follow the netiquette. Why? / Why not? Discuss it with your partner.

Netiquette, or net etiquette, refers to etiquette on the Internet. Good netiquette involves respecting others' privacy and not doing anything online that will annoy or frustrate other people. Three areas where good netiquette is highly stressed are e-mail, online chat, and newsgroups. For example, people that spam other users with unwanted e-mails or flood them with messages have very bad netiquette. You don't want to be one of those people. If you're new to a newsgroup or online chat room, it may help to observe how people communicate with each other before jumping in.
4.6.Think of good and bad points of the Internet and fill in the table. You can work either individually or in pairs.

Advantages of the Internet	Disadvantages of the Internet

4.7. Read Text A, compare your ideas with information given, and extend the table. How many advantages/disadvantages are there in your table?

First, study the vocabulary you may need to understand the text.

mankind [mæn'kaɪnd] (n) 1) человечество; человеческий род

['mænkaɪnd] 2) мужчины, мужской пол

magnitude ['mæɡnɪtju:d] (n) 1) величина, paзмеры,

2) важность; значимость

outweigh [̗aυt'weɪ] (v) быть тяжелее, превосходить в весе

wealth [welθ] (n) изобилие, избыток

target ['tɑ:ɡɪt] (n) цель

advent ['ædvent] (n) наступление (какой-л. эпохи, какого-л.

события),

available [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся

в распоряжении,

entertainment [̗entə'teɪnmənt] (n) развлечение; зрелищное мероприятие

numerous ['nju:mǝrəs] (adj) многочисленный

available [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся

в распоряжении

theft [θeft] (n) воровство, кража

obstruct [əb'strʌkt] (v) препятствовать, затруднять, мешать

prone (adj) подверженный (чему-л.)

TEXT A

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet

The Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, the Internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. But usually, greater magnitude of advantages outweighs its disadvantages.

Today the Internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from news across the corner of the world, wealth of information to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favourite movie.

Advantages

Communication

The main target of the Internet has always been the communication. By the advent of the Internet, our earth has become a global village. Now we can communicate with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world.

Information

Information is probably the biggest advantage the Internet offers. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research purpose of gathering resources.

Entertainment

Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the entertainments. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet.

Services

Many services are now provided on the Internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets. Often these services are not available off-line or can cost you more.

E-Commerce

It has got a really amazing and wide range of products from technology to household needs.

Disadvantages

Theft of personal information

If you use the Internet, you may be facing danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number, etc. can be accessed and used by a criminal.

Spamming

Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails, which provide no purpose and obstruct the entire system.

Virus threat

Computers attached to the Internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk.

Pornography

This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life.

(http://www.buzzle.com)
4.8. Match the words below to make word partners.

1. global a. chat rooms

2. surf b. privacy

3. visit c. danger

4. download d. village

5. household e. needs

6. face f. disk

7. hard g. the Internet

8. respect h. games
4.9. Now use the word partners to complete these sentences.

1. 
   McLuhan believes that the world is rapidly becoming a ________, in which mankind is interconnected by contemporary technology, especially television and the world wide web.
   
2. 
   This method will allow you to _________ without leaving any information about what browser you're using, which computer system you have.
   
3. 
   Many people who ________ use them as a place to discuss their problems and get a kind of a support.
   
4. 
   People of all ages visit special free sites to safely ___________ of high quality.
   
5. 
   You are not computer addict, so low-powered computer is suitable for all your _________.
   
6. 
   How does computer software usually react when it ________ of virus attack?
   
7. 
   _____ can store anywhere from 20MB to more than 200GB.
   
8. 
   Sites like Facebook must ___________. They should not tell my friends what I buy on other sites.
   

4.10. Analyse the “-ing” form words in bold type in Text A. Are they gerunds? Why/Why not?

Do you know that…?

Because a gerund (base form of VERB+ -ing) acts as a noun, it can be used after prepositions, too. (e.g. That computer programmer is famous for spilling coffee into his keyboard.

Complete the sentences, using gerund.

1. He never thought of ____.

2. This student is very clever at _____.

3. I don’t insist on ____.

4. We were tired of _____.

5. Did you succeed in ____?

6. Who is responsible for ____?

7. They were grateful for ____.

8. He had some difficulty in ____.

Now give your own examples.
4.11. Work in pairs or in small groups. Discuss if you always trust the information from the Internet? Why/Why not?

Now skim Text B and say what the main idea of the text is.
4.12. Read Text B and give your ideas on what could help Zack to understand that Professor Butz's Web page wasn't a reliable source of information?

(To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)

TEXT B

The Web – Teaching Zack to Think

As more and more students access the Internet for research, it's important that they learn how to validate online information. The Internet is a place where you can find "proof" of almost any belief system that you can imagine. And, for too many students, "If it's on the Internet, it must
be true."

The following story is also true.

Fourteen-year-old Zack was asked to research a unique topic for his history class. Zack knew a bit about using reliable sources on the Internet, so when he found some information on a Web page on the US Northwestern University site he felt sure that he had found a reliable source of information for his project. The topic was unique too–Holocaust Revisionism–Zack had never heard of that before, so he decided to write his history paper on "How the Holocaust Never Happened."

Zack found his "information" from a Web page at http://pubweb. northwestern.edu/abutz/ (no longer at this URL), titled "Home Web Page of Arthur R. Butz." On his low-key home page, Butz explained that he wrote "A short introduction to the study of Holocaust revisionism" and that his material was intended for "advanced students of Holocaust revisionism." At the top of the page Butz identified himself as "Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University». His article began with the following: “I see principal reasons for the widespread but erroneous belief in the legend of millions of Jews killed by the Germans during World War II:

During both world wars Germany was forced to fight typhus… That was one of the main reasons for a high death rate in the camps, and the crematoria...

Look at the above situation from the perspective of a 14-year-old, untrained to think critically about information. He's researching the Holocaust, and suddenly finds this Web page. His teacher told him to find a unique topic, and this certainly fit the bill. The page is simple and clear. It's written in a calm, logical tone. The page is clearly intended for experts in its field. Best of all is the source: Northwestern University! And a professor to boot! Perfect.
validate ['vælɪdeɪt] v проверять достоверность

proof [pru:f] (n) доказательство

belief [bɪ'li:f] (n) убеждение, мнение; вера

reliable [rɪ'laɪ əbl] (adj) заслуживающий доверия, достоверный

reliable information – достоверные сведения

reliable source – достоверный, надежный источник

low-key (adj) 1) неброский; сдержанный

2) гамма тёмных тонов

in a lowkey – в тёмных тонах

Associate Professor доцент университета

widespread ['waɪdspred] (adj) широко распространённый

erroneous [ɪ'rəυnɪəs] (adj) ложный; ошибочный;

typhus ['taɪfəs] (n) сыпной тиф

fit the bill отвечать всем требованиям

to boot к общей пользе; вдобавок; к тому же
4.13. Now read Text C and check your ideas.

(To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)

TEXT C

Thinking about What We've Found

The fact is that students increasingly depend on the Internet for information, so it's important that they develop ways to evaluate their findings. Zack could have used some, or all, of the following techniques to decide whether the site was a reliable source for information.

Purpose

Try to determine a Web site's purpose. What is it trying to do? Why was it created? Most Web sites are designed to sell services and products, present information, put ideas forward, or entertain. Many sites do several of these at once.

A Web site's purpose will not always be clear. Look at Butz's site. His purpose is surely advocacy, although he comes across as an objective information provider, especially in the closing sentence of his article: "Surely any thoughtful person must be skeptical." Would a 14-year-old know how to distinguish between objective information and propaganda?

Understand the purpose(s) of a Web site, and that those purpose(s) may not be entirely obvious.

Author

The next step in validation involves the site's author. We all know that it's easy to fool people. Many people will believe someone if he or she sounds authoritative. Butz is a professor, sure, but he's an Engineering professor. How does that qualify him to speak as an expert on the Holocaust? It doesn't. But people see "Professor" and take what he says seriously.

Zack didn't know anything about Butz, but could have researched his background. If Zack ran a search for "Arthur Butz," on the search engine Google, he would find Butz's name on a page titled "Holocaust Deniers" at the Web site for the anti-hate organization HateWatch (http://www.spl-center.org/intel/hatewatch/). Similarly, Zack would find Butz's article at a second hate directory site listed under "A Guide to Hate Groups on the Internet: Hate Books, Newsletters and Articles". Zack would find Butz mentioned negatively in a March 1998 USA Today article titled, "College anti-Semitism on the rise, according to new report." Zack would also find Butz's book described as popular among "anti-Semites" in a review of Deborah Lipstadt's book Denying the Holocaust.

If Zack had run this multi-search on Butz, he would have seen how other people categorize Butz' work.

Establish the credibility of the author.

Meta-Web Information

Meta-Web information validates Web pages solely within the context of other Web pages.

Let's start with the URL, or address, of a Web page. You need to know when they're accessing a personal home page. Most Internet Service Providers give their subscribers a few megabytes of free space on a Web server to use as they want.

Here are two sample URLs: and stefan/>. An experienced Web user knows that both URLs point to personal home pages.

In the first example, the word "users" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through cdsinet.net. In the second example, focus on the . A tilde () indicates a Web site that has been created by someone given space on a Web server. "stefan" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through icon-stl.net.

Knowing the above, if Zack had looked at Butz's URL - abutz/index.html> – he'd have seen the , an indicator that this is a personal Web site.

Just as Zack can know something about individuals by their clothing, he can learn about a Web site by looking at its URL. Clothing tells us a lot, but the company a person keeps tells us more. Learning how a Web page interacts within the network of all other Web sites is valuable information.

Meta-information sources.

It is always a good idea to look beyond the Internet for sources of authentic information.
evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] (v) оценивать; определять количество,

качество и т. п.

technique [tek'ni:k] (n) метод; способ

determine [dɪ'tɜ:mɪn] (v) определять; устанавливать

entertain [̗entə'teɪn] (v) развлекать, занимать

advocacy ['ædvəkəsɪ] (n) 1) защита

2) пропаганда (взглядов и т. п.)

distinguish [dɪ'stɪŋɡwɪʃ] (v) различать, распознавать

authoritative [ɔ:'θɒrɪtətɪv] (adj) авторитетный; надёжный

deny [dɪ'naɪ] (v) отрицать, отвергать

denier тот, кто что-либо отвергает

credibility [̗krədə'bɪlətɪ] (n) вероятность, правдоподобие

experienced [ɪk'spɪərɪənst] опытный, знающий

tilde ['tɪldə] (n) (полигр.) тильда (tilde)

beyond [bɪ'jɒnd] (prep) за; по ту сторону, вне

authentic [ɔ:'θentɪk] (a) 1) подлинный, аутентичный

2) достоверный, верный
4.14. Translate the text into English and then finish it. Use the vocabulary from the Texts B,C.

Все большее количество студентов используют Интернет как источник информации для своих исследований. Сегодня в Интернете можно найти доказательства любых идей, которые могут прийти вам в голову. А ведь многие считают ту информацию, которая представлена в Интернете вполне достоверной. Но это не так. Поэтому очень важно научиться оценивать достоверность такой информации. Для того чтобы определить является ли сайт надежным источником информации, можно использовать несколько методов: ___________
4.15. Write a list of recommendations to help students critically evaluate the reliability of a Web site.
4.16. Do the crossword.

1. Electronic messages sent to someone over the Internet.

2. Copy information from a web site to your own computer.

3. The place on the Internet where a company/organization/etc stores its documents.

4. A system linking millions of documents stored on Internet computers around the world.

5. Move form one document or web site to another, to find information.

6. Text, image or button that connects to other destination on the web.

7. A device that makes connecting to the Internet possible.

8. A group of computers joined together.

9. Now provide your own definition.

				9
1	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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Module II

Fundamentals of Engineering

Unit 5

Engineering

Vocabulary

1. aeronautical [‚eәrәn´é:tıkl] самолетостроение

engineering (n)

2. ancient (adj) [´eın∫(ә)nt] древний

3. apply (v) [ә´plaı] применять, использовать

4. automobile [´é:tәmә‚bi:l] автомобилестроение

engineering (n)

5. branch (n) [brä:nt∫] отрасль

6. branch off (v) отделяться

7. by means of (prep) при помощи, посредством

8. chemical engineering (n) химическое

машиностроение

9. chemicals (n) химикалии

10. civil engineering (n) [sıvl] строительство

11. contrive (v) [kәn´traıv] изобретать

12. create (v) [kri´eıt] создавать, творить

13. derive (v) [dı´raıv] происходить

14. design (n, v) [dı´zaın] чертеж, проект;

проектировать,

разрабатывать

15. efficient (adj) [ı´fı∫nt] действенный,

эффективный

16. electrical engineering (n) [ı´lektrıkl] электротехника

17. engine (n) [´endžın] двигатель

18. evolve (v) [ı´vãlv] эволюционировать,

развиваться

19. experience (n) [ıks´pıәriәns] опыт (жизненный)

20. field (n) [fi:ld] область

21. force (n) [fé:s] сила

22. humane (adj) [hju´meın] гуманный

23. installation (n) [‚ınstә´leı∫n] установка, сборка;

оборудование

24. machine-tool (n) [mә´∫i:n ‚tu:l] станок

25. maintenance (n) [´meıntәnәns] техническое

обслуживание,

текущий ремонт

26. manufacture (v) [‚mænj|`fækt∫ә] производить

27. marine engineering (n) [mә´ri:n] кораблестроение

28. mean (meant) (v) [mi:n], [ment] значить, означать

meaning (n) значение

29. mechanical машиностроение

engineering (n)

30. military engineering (n) [´mılıt(ә)ri] военно-инженерное дело

31. mining (n) [´maınıŋ] горное дело

32. nuclear engineering (n) [´nju:kliә] ядерная техника

33. occupation (n) [‚ãkj|´peı∫n] занятие, профессия

34. operate (v) [´ãpә‚reıt] работать, действовать,

управлять

35. power engineering (n) [pa|ә] энергетика

36. proliferation (n) [prә‚lıfә´reı∫n] распространение

37. root (n) корень

38. seek (sought) (v) [si:k; sé:t] искать

39. skill (n) умение, мастерство

40. space engineering (n) космическая техника

41. structure (n) [´strškt∫ә] строение, сооружение

42. switchgear (n) [´swıt∫gıә] коммутационное

оборудование,

распределительная

аппаратура

43. the former … [´fé:mә… первый (из двух

упомянутых) …

the latter (adj) ´lætә] (последний (из двух

упомянутых)
5.1. What is engineering? Write everything you know (you have 5 minutes). Discuss your ideas with a partner.

5.2. Read the words and try to guess what they mean.

natural [´næt∫(ә)rәl] metallurgy [mә´tælәdži] mechanical [mı´kænıkl] machine [mә´∫i:n] civilization [‚sıvәlaı´zeı∫(ә)n] modern [´mãd(ә)n] equivalent [ık´wıvәlәnt] profession [prә´fe∫n] mathematical [‚mæθә´mætıkl] chemical [´kemıkl]

practice [´præktıs] pyramid [´pırәmıd] method [´meθәd] energy [´enәdži] industrial [ın´dšstriәl] process (n) [´prә|ses] process (v) [´prә|ses] design [dı´zaın] electricity [ı‚lek´trısәti] textiles [´tekstaılz]

---

5.3. Match English words and their Russian equivalents.

natural sciences experience force branch labour device efficient branch off produce power engineering operate field

работать, управлять труд энергетика сила область создавать опыт отрасль прибор, устройство естественные науки эффективный отделиться

5.4. Read the text. Make a list of the facts that are new for you. Compare your list with a partner.

The Engineering Profession

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization could never have evolved.

The term ‘engineering’ is a modern one. There is no single meaning of this word and therefore it is sometimes difficult to find the proper Russian equivalents at once. The most widely used ones are: техника, строительство, машиностроение, инженерное дело (искусство), инженерия. The term ‘engineering’ is applied to the profession in which the knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the material and forces of nature.

The words ‘engine’ and ‘ingenious’ are derived from the same Latin root, ‘ingenerare’, which means ‘to create’. The early English verb ‘engine’ meant ‘to contrive’.

The art of building houses, palaces, temples, pyramids, and other structures was known as far back as many thousand years ago. Now we call it civil engineering.

At the time of the Roman Empire there were already two branches of engineering: civil engineering and military engineering. The former included building houses, roads, bridges, etc; the latter was concerned with building fortifications and military devices. The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated by means of slave labour.

During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane.

Wind, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices.

This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the eighteenth century.

England and Scotland were the birthplace of mechanical engineering.

Chemical engineering grew out of the 19^th-century proliferation of industrial processes involving chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textiles and many other areas.

The growth of knowledge in electricity led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering. Electrical engineering is divided into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared nuclear engineering and space engineering.

At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil, mechanical, electrical or chemical engineering.
5.5. In the text, find English equivalents for the following:

1. 
   Современная цивилизация не могла бы развиться
   
2. 
   Нет одного единственного значения этого слова
   
3. 
   Соответствующие русские эквиваленты
   
4. 
   Происходят от одного и того же латинского корня
   
5. 
   Посредством труда рабов
   
6. 
   Люди начали искать устройства и методы работы
   
7. 
   Это привело к промышленной революции
   
8. 
   В середине ХХ века появились
   
9. 
   Все они отделились от
   

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5.6. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and phrases from the text.

1. 
   The term ‘engineering’ is a _____ one.
   
2. 
   The words ‘engine’ and ‘ingenious’ _____ from the same Latin root ‘ingenerare’.
   
3. 
   At the time of the Roman Empire there were already _____ of engineering.
   
4. 
   Wind, water and animals _____ to provide energy for some of new devices.
   
5. 
   England and Scotland were the birthplace of _____.
   
6. 
   The growth of knowledge in electricity _____ the development of electrical and electronics engineering.
   
7. 
   They all _____ from civil, mechanical, electrical or chemical engineering.
   

5.7. Mark each statement as T (True), F (False) or N (Not Mentioned).

1. 
   Engineering as a profession appeared with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
   
2. 
   There is only one meaning of the word ‘engineering’.
   
3. 
   The early English verb ‘engine’ meant ‘to contrive’.
   
4. 
   The art of building houses was known many thousand years ago.
   
5. 
   It is still possible to find the remains of the great engineering works of ancient times.
   
6. 
   At the time of the Roman Empire there were many branches of engineering.
   
7. 
   In the late 20^th century electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.
   
8. 
   At present there are few branches of engineering.
   

5.8. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What are the most widely used Russian equivalents of the term ‘engineering’?
   
2. 
   What is the word ‘engine’ derived from?
   
3. 
   What was the meaning of the early English verb ‘engine’?
   
4. 
   What art was known many centuries ago?
   
5. 
   What branches of engineering were there at the time of the Roman Empire?
   
6. 
   Which countries were the birthplace of mechanical engineering?
   
7. 
   What led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering?
   
8. 
   What branches of engineering do you know?
   

5.9. Read the text and complete the blanks in the diagram.

Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.

Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

5.10. Which branches of engineering are defined below?

1. 
   This branch of engineering deals with the whole field of design, manufacture, maintenance, testing, and use of aircraft for both civil and military purposes. It involves the knowledge of aerodynamics, structural design, navigation, communication and other related areas.
   
2. 
   This branch of engineering is concerned with the design and construction of nuclear reactors.
   
3. 
   This is the widest field of engineering concerned with systems and devices that use electric power and signals.
   
4. 
   It deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, railways, airports, tunnels, and other structures.
   
5. 
   Engineers of this field design, test, build and operate machinery of all types.
   
6. 
   This branch of engineering is concerned with the design, construction and management of factories in which the essential processes consist of chemical reactions.
   

5.11. Which branch of engineering is concerned with machines? with electricity? Study the examples:

1. 
   Mechanical engineering deals with machines.
   
2. 
   Mechanical engineers deal with machines.
   
3. 
   Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines.
   
4. 
   Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines.
   
5. 
   Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers.
   

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