Файл: Методические указания Новосибирск 2009.doc

Now use these structures in sentences of your own about the things from the list below and branches of engineering that deal with them.

air-conditioning roads and bridges body scanners cables and switchgear communications equipment

ships planes cars and trucks power stations

5.12. Fill in the gaps in the following description of the different branches of engineering:

The main branches of engineering are civil, (1) _____, (2) _____, and electronic. Mechanical engineering is (3) _____ (4) _____ machinery of all kinds. This branch of engineering includes (5) _____, automobile,
(6) _____, and heating and ventilating. The first three are concerned with transport: (7) _____, cars and planes. The last (8) _____ with air-conditioning, refrigeration, etc.

Electrical engineering deals with (9) _____ from generation to use.

Electricity generating is concerned with (10) _____ stations. Electrical installation deals (11) _____ cables, switchgear, and connecting up electrical equipment.

Two branches of engineering include both (12) _____ and (13) _____ engineers. These are mining and (14) _____ engineering. The former deals with mines and mining equipment, the latter (15) _____ with hospital of all kinds.
5.13. Translate into English.

1. 
   Термин «engineering» имеет много русских значений. Одним из самых распространенных значений слова «engineering» является «техника».
   
2. 
   Самой старой отраслью техники является гражданское строительство. Оно связано со строительством зданий, дорог, мостов, плотин, тоннелей, железных дорог и т. д.
   
3. 
   Появление машиностроения было связано с изобретением паровой машины.
   
4. 
   Инженер-механик имеет дело с проектированием и конструированием различных машин.
   
5. 
   Важной отраслью техники является электротехника. Ее развитие было связано с достижениями в области электричества.
   
6. 
   В середине XX века появились новые отрасли машиностроения: ядерная техника и космическая техника. Эти две отрасли основываются на достижениях всех отраслей науки и техники.
   

5.14. Listen to these short extracts. To which branch of engineering do these engineers belong?
5.15. Listen again. This time note the words which helped you decide on your answers.

Forms of the Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Indefinite (Simple)	to solve	to be solved
Continuous	to be solving
Perfect	to have solved	to have been solved

Functions of the Infinitive

Function	The Infinitive	Translation
subject predicative object adverbial modifier of purpose result attribute	To work with you To be working with you To have worked with you To be taught by you To have been taught by you is a great honour for me./ It is a great honour for me to work with you. to be working with you. to have worked with you. to be taught by you. to have been taught by you. My goal is to work with you. to be taught by you. I want to work with you. to be taught by you. I came here to work with you. to be taught by you. I think I’m too old/clever enough to work with you to be taught by you There are many problems to solve. The problem to be solved was concerned with fuel consumption. He was the first to solve the problem.	Работать … То, что я работаю … То, что я работал … То, что меня учите … То, что меня учили … … работать ... … чтобы меня учили ... … работать ... … чтобы меня учили ... … чтобы работать … … чтобы меня учили … … слишком стар/доста-точно умен, чтобы работать … … чтобы меня учили … … которые нужно решить. … которую нужно было решить … … первым решил …

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5.16. Replace the following complex sentences or groups of sentences with simple sentences with the Infinitive.

Model: I entered this university because I wanted to study electronics.

I entered this university to study electronics.

1. 
   If you want to become a successful engineer, you should constantly develop your knowledge and skills.
   
2. 
   Mechanical engineers design machine-tools. This is their task.
   
3. 
   Richard Trevithick, an English mechanical engineer and inventor, was the first man who used a steam engine on a railway.
   
4. 
   This engineer is not qualified enough. He can’t take part in the project.
   
5. 
   The problem that we are to solve is connected with making the new body scanner as safe as possible.
   
6. 
   I am glad that I have finished the calculations for the new engine at last.
   

5.17. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive.

1. 
   Even in ancient times people were ingenious enough (develop) efficient devices and methods of work.
   
2. 
   The methods (introduce) are extremely useful for solving many practical problems.
   
3. 
   Wind, water and sun may be used (provide) energy.
   
4. 
   The young engineer hoped (involve) in designing a new type of engine.
   
5. 
   He is lucky (study) abroad and (learn) so much.
   
6. 
   It was very wise of you (check) the results of the experiment once more.
   

5.18. Translate into English.

1. 
   Нелегко сразу найти правильный русский эквивалент английского слова ‘engineering’.
   
2. 
   Эта задача слишком сложная, чтобы решать ее в одиночку.
   
3. 
   Простите, что я заставил Вас ждать.
   
4. 
   Метод, который будет использоваться в производстве деталей для нового двигателя, был разработан исследователями нашего института.
   
5. 
   Почему я узнаю обо всем последним?
   
6. 
   Чтобы тебя допустили к работе с этим оборудованием, нужна специальная подготовка.
   

5.19. Work with a partner. Look at the list of engineering achievements. Add one more achievement to each category. Decide which is the greatest engineering achievement in each category.

Around the house Getting around Medicine/health Entertainment Construction

the refrigerator, the microwave oven, the vacuum cleaner the railway engine, the jet airliner, the automobile/car contact lenses, the thermometer, laser surgery radio, television, compact discs the pyramids, the Eiffel Tower, the Panama Canal

What kind of engineers work at each of them?
5.20. Make a presentation of a modern branch of engineering. In your presentation, answer the following questions:

1. 
   When did this branch appear? What other branches of engineering was it derived from?
   
2. 
   What do the engineers deal with?
   
3. 
   What does their job involve?
   
4. 
   What knowledge and skills are necessary to do this job?
   

For information, refer to the Appendix or to the Internet, e.g. http://encarta.msn.com, http://www.britannica.com

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Unit 6

Engineering Materials

Vocabulary

1. affect (v) [ә´fekt] воздействовать

2. alloy (n) [´æléı, ә´léı] сплав

3. apply (v) [ә´plaı] применять; наносить

application (n) [‚æplı´keı∫n] применение

4. armour plate (n) [‚ä:mә ´pleıt] защитная пластина

5. available (adj) [ә´veılәbl] имеющийся в наличии,

доступный

6. bearing (n) [´beәrıŋ] подшипник

7. bend (v) сгибать(ся), гнуть(ся)

8. brass (n) [brä:s] латунь

9. brittle (adj) [brıtl] ломкий, хрупкий

10. cast iron (n) [‚kä:st´aıәn] чугун

11. certain (adj) [sî:tn] определенный

12. coat (v) [kә|t] покрывать

13. contain (v) [kәn´teın] содержать

14. convert (v) [kәn´vî:t] переделывать, превращать

15. diamond (n) [´daıәmәnd] алмаз

16. ductile (adj) [´dšktaıl] пластичный, ковкий,

поддающийся обработке

17. durable (adj) [´dj|әrәbl] долговечный

18. ferrous (adj) [´ferәs] черный (металл)

non-ferrous (adj) [‚nãn ´ferәs] цветной (металл)

19. fibre (n) [´faıbә] волокно

20. flexible (adj) [´fleksәbl] гибкий

21. frame (n) [freım] рама

22. gear (n) [gıә] шестерня; передаточный

механизм; привод

23. grind (v) [graınd] молоть, перемалывать,

растирать в порошок

24. however (conj) [ha|´evә] однако

25. improve (v) [ım´pru:v] улучшать

26. include (v) [ın´klu:d] включать

27. increase (v) [ın´kri:s] увеличивать(ся)

increase (n) [´ıŋkri:s] увеличение

28. knot (n) [nãt] узел

29. liquid (adj) [´lıkwıd] жидкий

30. melt (v) плавить(ся)

remelt (v) [‚ri:´melt] переплавить

31. mould (n, v) [mә|ld] лекало, (литейная) форма;

отливать, формовать

32. opaque (adj) [ә|´peık] непрозрачный, непроницаемый

33. pipe (n) [paıp] труба, трубопровод

34. property (n) [´prãpәti] свойство

35. raw (adj) [ré:] необработанный

36. resin (n) [´rezın] смола; камедь

37. resist (v) [rı´zıst] сопротивляться, не поддаваться

resistance (n) [rı´zıst(ә)ns] сопротивление

38. rigid (adj) [´rıdžıd] жесткий, негнущийся

39. rod (n) стержень, прут, брусок

40. rust (n, v) ржавчина; ржаветь

rust-proof (adj) [´ršst‚pru:f] нержавеющий,

не поддающийся коррозии

41. set (v) принять определенную форму

42. shape (n, v) форма; придавать форму;

приобретать форму

reshape (v) [‚ri:´∫eıp] придавать иную форму;

приобретать иную форму

43. sheet (n) лист

44. solid (adj) [´sãlıd] твердый (агрегатное состояние

вещества), сплошной

45. stainless (adj) [´steınlәs] устойчивый к коррозии

46. stitch (n) стежок, шов

47. therefore (conj) [´5eәfé:] поэтому, следовательно

48. thermoplastic (n) [‚θî:mә|´plæstık] термопластмасса

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thermoset (n) [‚θî:mә|´set] реактопласт,

термоотверждаемый материал

49. thread (n) [θred] нить

50. tough (adj) [tšf] крепкий, прочный

51. transparent (adj) [træns´pærәnt] прозрачный

52. undergo (v) [‚šndә´gә|] испытывать, подвергаться

(чему-либо)

53. valve (n) [vælv] клапан

54. various (adj) [´veәriәs] разнообразный

variety (n) [vә´raıәti] разнообразие, ассортимент

55. wire (n) [waıә] проволока

56. withstand (v) [wı5´stænd] выдерживать

57. work (v) обрабатывать

machine (v) [mә´∫i:n] обрабатывать с помощью машин
6.1. Read the words and try to guess what they mean.

economical [‚i:kә´nãmıkl, ‚ekә´nãmıkl] tube [tju:b]

proportion [prә´pé:∫n] component [kәm´pә|nәnt]

mixture [´mıkst∫ә] powder [´pa|dә]

steel [sti:l] extract [ık´strækt]

corrode [kә´rә|d] nylon [´naılãn]

bronze [brãnz] cement [sә´ment]

plastic [´plæstık] polymer [´pãlımә]

ceramic [sә´ræmık] implant [´ımplä:nt]

temperature [´temprı‚t∫ә] compress [kәm´pres]

coefficient of friction [‚kә|ı´fı∫nt әv ´frık∫n] expand [ık´spænd]
6.2. Choose the correct Russian equivalent of the English word.

1. bearing 2. certain 3. to convert 4. liquid 5. non-ferrous 6. resin 7. therefore 8. to withstand

a) клапан, b) подшипник, c) привод, d) рама a) напряженный, b) непрозрачный, c) определенный, d) стойкий a) вкладывать, b) покрывать, c) превращать, d) смешивать a) доступный, b) жидкий, c) надежный, d) хрупкий a) нековкий, b) неметаллический, c) нержавеющий, d) цветной (металл) a) изоляционный материал, b) покрытие, c) резина, d) смола a) однако, b) потому что, c) поэтому, d) так как a) выдерживать, b) останавливать, c) прикреплять, d) соседствовать

6.3. Choose the correct English equivalent of the Russian word.

1. долговечный 2. лист 3. применять 4. прозрачный 5. прочный 6. содержать 7. увеличивать 8. хрупкий

a) durable, b) ferrous, c) rust-proof, d) solid a) fibre, b) rod, c) sheet, d) wire a) to apply, b) to coat, c) to shape, d) to undergo a) light, b) pure, c) rigid, d) transparent a) ductile, b) hard, c) heavy, d) tough a) to consist, b) to contain, c) to corrode, d) to resist a) to add, b) to improve, c) to include, d) to increase a) brittle, b) flexible, c) opaque, d) soft

6.4. Match the properties of materials and their opposites.

1. brittle 2. flexible 3. hard 4. light 5. solid 6. strong 7. transparent

а) heavy b) liquid c) opaque d) rigid e) soft f) tough g) weak

6.5. Form the nouns denoting properties.

Model: weak – weakness, durable – durability [‚dj|әrә´bılәti], plastic – placticity [plæ´stısәti], long

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– length

brittle elastic flexible hard light

opaque rigid soft strong tough

6.6. Read the text and complete the diagram describing the classification of engineering materials.

Engineering Materials

Engineers have to know the best and most economical materials to use. Engineers must also understand the properties of these materials and how they can be worked. There are two kinds of materials used in engineering – metals and non-metals. We can divide metals into ferrous and non-ferrous. The former contain iron and the latter do not contain iron. Cast iron and steel, which are both alloys, or mixtures of iron and carbon, are the two most important ferrous metals. Steel contains a smaller proportion of carbon than cast iron. Certain elements can improve the properties of steel and are therefore added to it. For example, chromium may be included to resist corrosion and tungsten to increase hardness. Aluminium, copper, and the alloys (bronze and brass) are common non-ferrous metals.

Plastics and ceramics are non-metals; however, plastics may be machined like metals. Plastics are classified into two types – thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be shaped and reshaped by heat and pressure but thermosets cannot be reshaped because they undergo chemical changes as they harden. Ceramics are often employed by engineers when materials which can withstand high temperatures are needed.


6.7. Draw similar diagrams displaying the connection between the following:

1. 
   alloys, copper, brass, pure metals, aluminium, metals;
   
2. 
   computer system, CPU, hardware, main memory, peripherals, software;
   
3. 
   aeronautical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, engineering, heating and ventilating, marine engineering, mechanical engineering.
   

6.8. Use the diagrams and the following table to classify the things described.

Classification

There are		two three several many	types kinds sorts classes varieties		of materials
Materials	are of fall into
We can	classify divide split	materials	into several	classes categories groups types	according to…
Engineering materials		consist of include		metals and non-metals

6.9. Match the symbols of chemical elements, their English names and their Russian equivalents. What are the properties of engineering materials containing these elements?

Fe tungsten [´tšŋstәn] алюминий

C titanium [taı´teıniәm] молибден

Cr tin [tın] вольфрам

W nickel [nıkl] марганец

Al molybdenum [mә´lıbdәnәm] кобальт

Cu manganese [´mæŋgә‚ni:z] углерод

Mn iron [´aıәn] железо

Ni copper [´kãpә] никель

Sn cobalt [´kә|‚bé:lt] олово

Co chromium [´krә|miәm] титан

Mo carbon [´kä:bәn] хром

Ti aluminium [‚ælә´mıniәm] медь

6.10. Join the pairs of sentences using however, therefore, because. Follow the models:

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