Файл: Методические указания Новосибирск 2009.doc

k) l)

start up			go on
shut down	computer		upgrade	the Internet
surf			surf

Do you know any other useful “computer” words and phrases? Share them with your group.

1.13. Study the vocabulary you may need to understand the text below. After that

• 
  count how many words/word combinations you’ve known before
  
• 
  elicit words/word combinations you would like to learn
  

phase out ['feɪz'aυt] (v) постепенно прекращать,

свертывать (выпуск,

производство и т. д.)

The makers have decided to phase out the production of this model. – Производитель решил постепенно прекратить производство этой модели.

difference ['dɪfrǝns] (n) разница; отличие, различие

great difference – значительное различие

slight difference – незначительная разница

It makes no difference. – Нет никакой разницы; это не имеет значения.

It makes all the difference in the world. – Это существенно меняет дело; это очень важно.

portable ['pɔ:təbl] ( adj) портативный, переносный

portability (n) портативность

manufacturer [̗mænjυ'fæktʃǝrə] (n) изготовитель, производитель

car manufacturer – производитель машин

computer manufacturer – производитель компьютеров

matter (n) вопрос, дело

It is a matter of a few months. – “Это дело/вопрос нескольких месяцев.

weigh [weɪ] (v) весить, иметь вес

the computer weighs quite a lot – чемодан весит довольно много

How much do you weigh? – Cколько вы весите?

weight (n) вес; масса

heavy weight – тяжелый вес

light weight – легкий вес

average weight – средний вес

pound [paυnd] (n) единица веса – фунт

(современная мера веса, используемая в англоговорящих странах; = 453,6 г)

fit (v) умещаться, помещаться, входить

to fit in a briefcase – умещаться в портфеле

lap (n) колени (верхняя часть ног

у сидящего человека)

The mother had her son on her lap. – Мать держала сына на коленях.

somewhat (adv) отчасти, до некоторой степени,

слегка

originally [ə'rɪdžɪnǝlɪ] (adv) первоначально, вначале; сначала, поначалу

Computers originally were very big. – Компьютеры вначале были очень громоздкими.

feature ['fi:tʃə] (n) особенность, характерная черта;

признак, свойство

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компьют.: функция, функциональность, опция

сленг: фича (у программного продукта, системы)

tradeoff ['treɪdɒf] (n) компромисс

decrease [̗di:'kri:s] (v) уменьшать(ся), сокращать(ся)

(in – в чем-л.)

to decrease in size – уменьшаться в размере

decrease ['di:kri:s] (n) уменьшение, убывание,

понижение; спад

to be on the decrease – идти на убыль

device [dɪ'vaɪs] (n) устройство, механизм; аппарат,

прибор

term (n) термин

reason ['ri:zn] (n) причина, повод, основание,

основа

by reason of – по причине; из-за

to have a reason (for) – иметь уважительную причину (для)

comparable ['kɒmpǝrəbl] (adj) сравнимый, сопоставимый,

соизмеримый

comparable results – сравнимый результат

comparable prices – сопоставимая цена

lead (v) вести, приводить

heat (n) жар, тепло, теплота

well-suited [̗wel' sju:tɪd] (adj) подходящий, пригодный

interchangeably [̗ɪntə'tʃeɪndžəblɪ] (adv) заменяя друг друга, попеременно,

поочередно

inexpensive [̗ɪnɪk'spensɪv] (adj) дешевый, недорогой

powerful ['paυ əfl] (adj) мощный, сильный

generation [̗dženə'reɪʃn] (n) поколение

mainstream ['meɪnstri:m] (n) основное направление, главная

линия, тенденция (в искусстве,

технологии, и т. п.)
1.14. First discuss with your partner:

Is there any difference between a laptop and notebook computer? If so, what is it?
Then quickly read Paragraphs 1, 2 of the text below and compare your ideas with information given.
1.15. Read the text again and answer these questions.

1. Which mobile computer (laptop or notebook) is considered to be technically smaller in size?

2. What is the average weight of a notebook computer?

3. Why did the notebook originally weigh less than the laptop?

4. Why is the size of portable computers decreasing nowadays?

5. What are the reasons the term “laptop” is becoming used not so often?

6. What mobile computers are becoming mainstream devices?

7. Why aren’t netbooks perfect yet?
TEXT B

Is "Laptop" Being Phased Out?

Is there really a difference between a laptop and notebook computer? For most people shopping for a mobile (or portable) computer today, the short answer is “no”. In fact, the difference between a laptop and notebook today is mainly what the manufacturer chooses to call its product. Technically and traditionally, the difference between the two is a matter of size.

Notebook computers typically weigh less than six pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase. Laptop computers are small enough too that they can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more often called notebook computers, though technically laptops are somewhat larger in size than notebooks.

The laptop was originally designed to be similar to a desktop, but be small and light enough. For this reason, years ago, a laptop had more features than notebooks did, but the tradeoff was it was also a larger and heavier than a notebook. This is because the notebook style of portable computers was for mobility, not just portability. To be a more mobile device, the notebook was a thinner design and it weighed less than the laptop, simply because it didn't come packed with features and multiple devices and drives.

Today technology allows devices to be smaller and better for mobile computing by design, so the size of portable computers is decreasing.

Another reason the term “laptop” is becoming used not often is because a portable "comparable to desktop" system today could easily lead to heat discomfort if left on your lap for long periods of time. By calling a laptop a notebook, it also removes the association that the portable device is well-suited to being used only on your lap.

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People often call their notebook a laptop and use the two words interchangeably. However, most mobile computer manufacturers stopped using the term “laptop” completely; they use the term “notebook.”

At present netbooks are a new category of laptops. It's an inexpensive, lightweight machine which is powerful enough for the basic, day-to-day, Internet-based tasks that people use a regular laptop for.

At the same time, today's netbooks aren't perfect. Since they are such small, inexpensive devices, they include processors, memory, and hard disks several generations behind the ones found in regular notebooks. Even so, the potential is there for netbooks to become mainstream devices.

(http://www.webopedia.com)
1.16. Listen to four people talking about computers and note what each of them uses computers for.

Can you guess what their occupations are?
Listen again and fill the gaps.
1. I work on ______ connected to а computer.

2. The computer _____ the sounds.

3. The thing which I find really _____ is electronic mail.

4. With e-mail I can _____ with the offices around the world.

5. I also use the computer ____ drawings and _____ records.

6. We have to test our installations ____.

7. I use either our ____ or _____ that we're connected to.

8. And we use computers _____ the books in the library.

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Unit 2

Computer Hardware

Vocabulary

physical ['fɪzɪkl] физический, материальный,

телесный

store [stɔ:] (v) запасать, откладывать

(n) запас, резерв

storage device ['stɔ:rɪdž] устройство хранения

данных/информации

internal [ɪn'tɜ:nl] внутренний

external [ɪk'stɜ:nl] наружный, внешний

refer [rɪ'fɜ:] иметь отношение, относиться

peripheral [pə'rɪfrǝl] внешнее оборудование; внешние устройства;

периферийное оборудование

run on работать на

application [̗æplɪ'keɪʃn] прикладная программа

requirement [rɪ'kwaɪ əmənt] требование; необходимое

условие

equipment [ɪ'kwɪpmənt] оборудование

brain [breɪn] мозг

capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] вместимость, ёмкость; объём;

мощность

permanent ['pɜ:mǝnənt] постоянный, неизменный;

долговременный

temporary ['temprǝrɪ] временный

random ['rændəm] выбранный наугад, случайный; беспорядочный

access ['ækses] (информ). выборка (из памяти);

доступ (к базе данных)

preceding [prɪ'si:dɪŋ] предшествующий

common ['kɒmən] общий;простой, обыкновенный

общепринятый, распространённый

substance ['sʌbstǝns] вещество

overall [̗əυvər'ɔ:l] полный, общий, предельный

feed (fed) давать; дать
2.1. How would you describe what computer hardware is to someone who knows a little about computers? Work in pairs or small groups.
2.2. Now read the text and try to describe computer hardware again using the key vocabulary in bold type.

Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and related devices. Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM. External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.

The internal hardware parts of a computer are often referred to as components, while external hardware devices are usually called peripherals. Together, they all fall under the category of computer hardware. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that run on computers. Because software runs on computer hardware, software programs often have system requirements that list the minimum hardware required for the software to run.

(http://www.sharpened.net)
2.3. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F). Read Text A to check your answers.

1. Hardware is known as something you can actually touch.

2. The pages and the ink of a book are the hardware analogy.

3. The main memory refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer.

4. There are two different types of memory: the main memory and the random access memory.

5. Devices which can be connected to the CPU are known as
peripherals.

6. A keyboard is the most commonly used output device.

7. To display the processed data an input device is used.

8. Mass storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off.
TEXT A

The Main Pieces of Hardware

Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.

Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the overall meaning are the software. A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages – you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book meaningful.

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The most important item of hardware is the CPU (Central Processing Unit). This is the electronic unit at the center of the computer system. It contains the processor and the main memory.

The processor is the brain of the computer. It does all the processing and controls all the other devices in the computer system.

The main memory is the part of the computer where programs and data being used by the processor can be stored. It refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer. The word main is used to distinguish it from external mass storage devices such as disk drives. Another term for main memory is RAM.

RAM (pronounced ramm, acronym for random access memory) is a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers.

All the other devices in the computer system, which can be connected to the CPU, are known as peripherals. These include input devices, output devices and storage devices.

An input device is a peripheral, which enables information to be fed into the computer. The most commonly used input device is a keyboard.

An output device is a peripheral, which enables information to be brought out of the computer, usually to display the processed data. The most commonly used output device is a monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit). Another common output device is a printer. This prints the output of the CPU onto paper.

A mass storage device is a peripheral used for the permanent storage of information. It has a much greater capacity than the main memory. Mass storage is distinct from memory, which refers to temporary storage areas within the computer. Unlike main memory, mass storage devices retain data even when the computer is turned off. The main types of mass storage are various disks.

These are the main pieces of hardware of any computer system whether a small “micro” or a large mainframe system.
2.4. Match each piece of hardware on the left with its function on the right.

1. Storage device	a. displays the processed data.
2. Input device	b. holds the programs and data being used by the processor.
3. Output device	c. does all the processing and controls the peripherals.
4. Main memory	d. allows data to be entered.
5. Processor	f. provides permanent storage for programs and data.

2.5. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box.
keyboard input unit requirements graphics the CPU
arithmetic control input calculation
_______ devices are used to supply the values needed by the computer and instructions to tell the computer how to operate on the value. _______ vary greatly from machine to machine.

Information is usually entered into a computer via a _______, with the characters typed on the screen. In English speaking countries the keyboard would have the QWERTY(1) layout. Many computers provide graphics commands which can be used to build up pictures. _______ are very important for the interface between the human user and the computer.

The arithmetic unit of a digital computer performs the actual work of computation and calculation. It carries out its job by the use of logic circuits. Modern computers use components called integrated circuits.

The control unit of a digital computer is an administrative or switching section. It receives information entering the machine and decides how and when to perform operations. It tells the arithmetic unit what to do, where to get the necessary information. It knows when the arithmetic unit has completed a ______, and it tells the arithmetic unit what to do with the results and what to do next.

The _______ unit and the ______ unit are usually grouped together in a computer and are the central processing unit or CPU. The

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