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TEXT 2

The British Political Party System

The present political party system relies on the existence of organized political parties. For the past 160 years a predominantly two-party system has operated, and since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The Liberal Party last formed a government on its own in 1906 – 1916. The Social Democratic Party was made in 1981 and made an alliance with the Liberal Party in the same year. They formed a new party in 1988 called the Social and Liberal Democrats. Other parties include two nationalist parties, Plaid Cymru (Wales) and the Scottish Nationalist Party. There are a number of parties in Northern Ireland.

The party, which wins most seats (although not necessarily most votes) at the general election, forms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is asked by the Sovereign to form a government.

The largest minority party becomes the official Opposition with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”.

The effectiveness of the party system rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. The opposition party’s aims are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism and to oppose proposals when it thinks necessary. It should also be preparing the way for its own future success at the next election. In extreme circumstances the Opposition can bring the vote of “no confidence” in the Government and indeed bring the Government down.

9. Find the English equivalents to the following Russian verbs:

  1. зависеть;

  2. выбирать;

  3. получать, добиваться;

  4. формировать;

  5. встречаться;

  6. быть ответственным за ч-л;

  7. брать на себя ответственность;

  1. действовать;

  2. уходить в отставку;

  3. признавать, принимать, соглашаться;

  4. быть в оппозиции;

  5. рекомендовать;

  6. обсуждать;

  7. становиться

10. Answer to the following questions:

    1. What kind of political party system is there in the UK?

    2. What are the main political parties in the UK?

    3. What does the effectiveness of the party system rest on?

    4. What are the aims of the Opposition?

    5. What can the Opposition do in extreme circumstances?


11. Give the summary of the texts.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
1. Read the following text to explain what the term “government” means.

TEXT 3

Who Governs Britain?

When the media (средства массовой информации) talk about “government”, they usually mean one of two things. In the wide meaning, the term “government” can be used to refer to all of the politicians who have been appointed by the monarch (on the advice of the Prime Minister). There are normally about a hundred members of the government in this sense (в этом смысле).

The other meaning of the term “the government” is more limited. It refers (имеет отношение) only to the most powerful of these politicians, namely the Prime Minister and the other members of the Cabinet. The cabinet is usually comprised of the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer (канцлер казначейства/министр финансов) who is in charge of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Secretary of State for Education and Science, etc.

In the last fifty years, there have been unofficial “inner cabinets” (внутренние кабинеты) comprising the Prime Minister and a few other important ministers. It is here (именно здесь) that much of the real decision-making takes place.
2. Discuss the text by focusing on the following points:

1. Which two meanings has the term “government” in the English political language?

2. What does the term “government” actually mean?

3. What is the exact meaning of the term “cabinet”?

4. What is the difference between the two terms?

5. How long has the term “inner cabinet” been in use?

6. What provokes the formation of the inner cabinet?

7. Do you agree with the logics of the people who dislike the idea of the inner cabinet?
3. Choose information from the text and say a few words about:

1) government

2) cabinet

3) inner cabinet
CONVERSATION & WRITING PRACTICE

  1. Study the following phrases to express “Disagreeing”:

    1. But don’t you think that .?

    2. I see what you mean, but ..

    3. But isn’t it really a question of ..

    4. But what about .?

    5. But surely .?

    6. I take your point, but ..

    7. Yes, but on the other hand ....

    8. But all the evidence suggests that ..

    9. I'm afraid I can’t agree with . on this matter.

    10. I wouldn’t say that.

    11. I don’t agree at all.

    12. I can’t accept that.




  1. Make up a dialogue using the phrases above and role-play the conversation with your partner.

UNIT 7

The Executive Power of the USA

1. Grammar Focus:
Complex Subject

2. Topic Activities

(Reading & Speaking):

.Text 1. The US Executive


Text 2. Article II

Text 3. The Executive Branch

3. Conversation & Writing Practice:
Avoiding Giving Information


GRAMMAR FOCUS

Complex Subject

Сложное подлежащее

Структура
1

Подлежащее

(существительное или местоимение)

He

2

3

+ to-Infinitive

to study




Перевод
2

Вводный оборот

Говорят,

Похоже,

Кажется,
1 3

подлежащеесказуемое

(что) он учится.



придаточного предложения


Конструкция Complex Subject (или Nominative with the Infini­tive) представляет собой сочетание подлежащего (существитель­ное или местоимение в именительном падеже) с инфинитивом, стоящим после сказуемого. Перевод предложения начинают со сказуемого, которое переводится безличным или неопределённо-личным оборотом (говорят, что; известно, что; кажется, что; и т.п.), далее следует придаточное предложение с инфинитивом в функции сказуемого.

Глаголы, вводящие «Complex Subject»

Глаголы

в Passive Voice
1) знание информации и её передача:

to be known – известно, что …;

to be found – находят, что…; обнаружили, что…;

to be thought– думают, считают, что …;

to be said – говорят, что …; как говорят;

to be stated– констатируют, что…; как утверждают;

to be reported / informed – сообщают, как сообщают;

to be announced– заявляют, что…; как объявили;

to be alleged – утверждают (голословно)

2) предположение:

to be expected – ожидают;

to be believed – полагают, верят;

to be supposed – предполагают;

to be considered – считают

3) восприятие:

to be seen – видели;

to be heard – слышали, прошёл слух

Глаголы

в Active Voice
to seem – кажется;

to appear – по-видимому, как оказалось;

to prove – оказывается, как было доказано;

to happen – случайно; случилось так, что….;

to turn out – оказывается, что …, как оказалось

Глагол-связка с прилагательными
to be likely to – вероятно, похоже на то;

to be unlikely to – маловероятно, невероятно, чтобы;

to be sure to – обязательно, несомненно;

to be certain to – обязательно, несомненно


1. Practise translating the sentences with Complex Subject:

A.

  1. The jury is sure to draw its own conclusion.

  2. The jury is certain to find him guilty.

  3. The witnesses are sure to tell the police all the details about the accident.

  4. The sportsman is likely to win the first prize.

  5. The article is likely to be published in the next issue of the Times.

  6. The chief is not likely to pardon you for the mistake in the contract.

  7. The instrument is unlikely to be damaged if all rules are followed.

  8. Landing is certain to be the most difficult part of a flight to Venus, Mars and Mercury.

B.

    1. The English Constitution is considered to be flexible.

    2. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.

    3. He is alleged to drive through the town at 90 miles an hour.

    4. The Prime Minister is supposed to be in favour of the new law.

    5. This party is expected to lose the election.

    6. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.

    7. The thieves are believed to have got in through the kitchen window.

    8. They are alleged to have robbed the bank.

    9. Two people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident.

    10. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion.

C.

  1. “The good of the people is sure to be the first law.” These words are believed to have been said by Cicero. Cicero is known to have been a Roman statesman, lawyer, orator and author. He proves to have been a man of great wisdom.

  2. Mrs. Jones is seen to be having a little gossip with Mrs. Smith. Eva Brown is said to get married for the third time. She seems to have got her second divorce recently. The elderly ladies say that at this rate she is sure to lose count of her husbands before she is forty. Eva is thought to be a dreadful woman.

  3. Patrick Ellis is heard to have had another accident in his car. He was seen to be driving madly again. His car happened to turn over at high speed on the wet road. Patrick turned out to be badly hurt. His injuries were found to be serious. He appears to be in hospital now. He is likely to be operated on soon. The young man is expected to get over the effects of the accident after all.


2. Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject according to the model:

e.g. It is expected that they will give her the prize.

Theyare expectedto give her the prize.

  1. It is expected that he will win the race tomorrow.

  2. It is said that the athletes train for eight hours every day.

  3. It is believed that this sportsman will break the world record.

  4. We know that Bernard Shaw was a very witty man.

  5. They are certain that P. Picasso lived most part of his life in France.

  6. For a long time people thought that the atom was indivisible.

  7. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space.

  8. It is reported that the world leaders have reached an agreement.

  9. It is reported that two criminals have escaped from prison.

  10. It is alleged that the criminals are hiding somewhere in the city centre.

  11. It is thought that the Academy has good instructors.

  12. It is reported that college statutes forbid drinking on campus.

  13. It appears that his computing experience is useful.

  14. It is thought that a change is as good as a rest.


3. Make up a sentence from the two using the Complex Subject:

e.g. They know it. He lived here.

He is known to have lived here.

  1. He will come late. We expect him.

  2. He was killed in an accident. They say so.

  3. He was a judge. They know it.

  4. He talked to her. They saw it.

  5. The monarch is only a ceremonial leader in the UK. It is common knowledge.

  6. The crime rate will increase. It is likely.

  7. The city is famous for its steel and iron industry. They report so.

  8. The crime rate will decrease. It is unlikely.

  9. The course of training will take 2 years. It is thought.

  10. Most of the students carried out research work. It is stated so.

  11. Britain has no national police force. It has happened so.

  12. She will fail her driving test. It is certain.


4. Translate the following sentences into English:

  1. Говорят, что он консультирует клиентов (clients) по бракораз­водным вопросам (to counsel smb for divorce proceedings).

  2. Видели, как Ева плакала. Несомненно, она навсегда (for ever) запомнит свой последний развод.

  3. Полагают, что опыт работы в суде (law court experience) полезен каждому юристу.

  4. Наверняка, он расследует это трудное дело.

  5. Вряд ли этот следователь самый опытный в управлении.

  6. Кажется, он специализируется (to specialize in) на расследова­нии экономических преступлений.

  7. Известно, что он – хороший юрист.

  8. Считается, что они – члены одной команды (the same team).

  9. Говорят, что он был прекрасным специалистом в своей области.

  10. Сообщают, что олигарх (the oligarch) покинул страну.

  11. Утверждают, что он украл (steal – stole – stolen) много денег из государственной казны (the public purse).


TOPIC ACTIVITIES

READING & SPEAKING
1. Study following words and phrases.

the Executive
исполнительная ветвь власти

State Department
Министерство иностранных дел

Defense Department
Министерство обороны

Interior Department
Министерство внутренних дел

respective
соответствующий

crucial
ключевой, важный

to ensure
обеспечить

to carry out
выполнять, осуществлять

to enforce

реализовывать, принуждать к исполнению

to facilitate
облегчать

safeguarding
охрана

elector
выборщик

to be comprised of
состоять из

citizen
гражданин

to prescribe
предписывать, назначать

eligible
подходить, иметь право на

death
смерть

illness
болезнь

judge
судья

to issue
издавть

pardon
помилование

annual
ежегодный

to declare
объявлять

troops
войска

battle
битва, война

to attempt
пытаться

frame
рамка

circuit court
окружной суд

emergency
чрезвычайное положение

to convict
осудить

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