2. Read the following international words and guess what they mean in Russian:

President, vice president, Cabinet, transportation, primary, function, Senator, Congress, to select, to naturalize, to limit, commander, to nominate, federal, to convene, special, session, veto, address, result, official, report, candidate, position, secretary, vacancy, to impeach.
3. Translate the following words paying attention to word-building elements:

President - presidential - presidency; original - originality - originally - to originate; veto – to veto; office - official; eligible – ineligible, to command – commander –command; to impeach – impeachment; address – to address; nature – natural – naturally - to naturalize – naturalization; to enforce – enforcement.
4.Look through the text and match the underlined English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents:

гражданин, родившийся в США; четырехгодичный срок; два срока подряд; главнокомандующий; заключать договоры; с одобрения Сената; объявление войны; иметь силу закона; заполнять вакансии; осуществлять помилование; смерть или болезнь; строгие временные рамки; соответсвующие департаменты; кроме того; однако; издавать указы.

TEXT 1

THE US EXECUTIVE

The US Executive consists of the president, vice president and 15 Cabinet-level departments such as State, Defense, Interior, Transportation and Education. The primary power of the executive branch rests with the president, who chooses his vice president, and his Cabinet members who head the respective departments. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States’ political and economic interests around the world.

The President of the United States is elected to a four-year term by electors from every state and the District of Columbia. The electors make up the Electoral College, which is comprised of 538 electors, equal to the number of Representatives and Senators that currently make up Congress. The citizens of each state vote for slates of electors who then vote for the president on the prescribed day, selected by Congress. The President of the United States cannot serve more than two consecutive terms.

In order to become president, a person must be a natural born citizen of the United States. Naturalized citizens are ineligible, as are persons under the age of 35. In the case that the president should be unable to perform his duties, be it by death or illness, the vice-president becomes the president. Amendment XXII placed a two-term limit on the presidential office.

The President of the USA is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces. He has the power make treaties with Senate approval, receive ambassadors and work with leaders of other nations.

He is responsible for nominating the heads of governmental departments, which the Senate must then approve. In addition, the president nominates judges to federal courts and justices to the United States Supreme Court.

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The President can issue executive orders, which have the force of law but do not have to be approved by Congress.

He can issue pardons for federal offenses, convene Congress for special sessions, veto legislation approved by Congress (however a veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote by Congress).

The President delivers a State of the Union address annually to a joint session of Congress.

Congress holds the power to declare war. As a result, the president cannot declare war without their approval. However, as the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, many presidents have sent troops to battle without an official war declaration (ex. Vietnam, Korea). The 1973 War Powers Act attempted to define when and how the president could send troops to battle by adding strict time frames for reporting to Congress after sending troops to war, in addition to other measures.

The president is responsible for nominating candidates for the head positions of government offices. A president will nominate cabinet officials and secretaries at the beginning of his or her presidency and will fill vacancies as necessary. In addition, the president is responsible for nominating Federal Circuit Court judges and Supreme Court justices and choosing the chief justice. These nominations must be confirmed by the Senate.

In times of emergency, the president can override Congress and issue executive orders with almost limitless power.

The U.S. Constitution gives the president almost power to grant pardons to those convicted of federal crimes. While the president cannot pardon someone impeached by Congress, he or she can pardon anyone else without any Congressional involvement.
5. Say if the following is true or false.

Useful expressions:

It is quite so. It is true. You are right. No doubt. That’s right. Exactly. I quite agree with you. Yes, certainly. I’m afraid it is not true. I can’t agree. Far from that. You are wrong here. You are not right in saying so. Quite on the contrary.

1. 
   The President must be a natural-born citizen and over 34.
   
2. 
   The President may be re-elected not more than four times.
   
3. 
   The president can also pardon someone impeached by Congress.
   
4. 
   The President is responsible for nominating Federal Circuit Court judges and Supreme Court justices and choosing the chief justice.
   
5. 
   The President can declare war without the approval of Congress.
   
6. 
   The President delivers a State of the Union address twice a year to a joint session of Congress.
   
7. 
   The President has the power make treaties with Senate approval, receive ambassadors and work with leaders of other nations.
   
8. 
   The 1975 War Powers Act attempted to define when and how the president could send troops to battle by adding strict time frames for reporting to Congress after sending troops to war, in addition to other measures.
   

6. Match the following English and Russian words:

to adopt	a) последовательный
measure	b) строгий
to propose	c) предлагать
term	d) выбирать
strict	e) принимать
amendment	f) мера
bill	g) законопроект, билль
troops	h) поправка
consecutive	i) войска
to elect	j) срок

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7. Fill in the correct prepositions.

a citizen ____ the age ____ 35	to preside ..... the debates
to be elected ____ a term ____ 4 years	approved ____ Congress
convicted ____ federal crimes	economic interests ____ the world
in addition ____ other measures	to send troops ____ war

8. Fill in the table below.

Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
		collect
economy
	just
			declaratively
		nominate
	additional
approval

9. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. 
   What does the US Executive consist of?
   
2. 
   Who does the primary power of the executive branch rest with?
   
3. 
   What is a crucial function of the executive branch?
   
4. 
   What term is the President of the United States is elected to?
   
5. 
   Who elects the President?
   
6. 
   Who is eligible to be elected as President of the USA?
   
7. 
   What are the powers and responsibilities of the President?
   

10. Read text 2 for more information about the US government.

TEXT 2

ARTICLE II

Section 1 - President: his term of office. Electors of President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualifications (требования к) of President. On whom his duties devolve (передаются) in case of his removal, death, etc. President's compensation. His oath of office (клятва).

l. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors (выборщиков), equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled (иметь право на) in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot (тайно) for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant (житель) of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each: which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit (передать) sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the vote shall then be counted (подсчитаны). The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice Presiden. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President (The clause was superseded (отменен) by Amendment XII).

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3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible (подлежать избранию) to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

11. Make up a summary of the information read in writing and be ready to reproduce it.

SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Translate the following text in writing:

TEXT 3

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the president, vice president, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.

American citizens have the right to vote for the president and vice president through free, confidential ballots.

Key roles of the executive branch include:

President - The president leads the country. He/she is the head of state, leader of the federal government, and commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president serves a four-year term and can be elected no more than two times.

Vice President - The vice president supports the president. If the president is unable to serve, the vice president becomes president. He/she can serve an unlimited number of four-year terms.

The Cabinet - Cabinet members serve as advisors to the president. They include the vice president and the heads of executive departments. Cabinet members are nominated by the president and must be approved by the Senate (with at least 51 votes).
CONVERSATION & WRITING PRACTICE

1. 
   Study the following phrases:
   

Avoiding Giving Information

No comment.	I'm sorry, that's confidential.
I'm not at liberty to say.	(Sorry) That's personal.
Wait and see.	I'd rather not talk about it.
Let me get back to you.	Mind your own business.

Delaying Answering

Well, you see...	What's the word for it.
Now, let me see.	Now, let me think...
Just a moment / Just a second	Let me get this right...
Hang on a moment / second / mo / sec	It's on the tip of my tongue…
How shall I put it?	(Now) that's an interesting question...

Using visuals

On this graph, …	Here we can see …
Take a look at this.	The …… represents …
Let's have a look at this.	The graph illustrates …
I'd like you to look at this.	As you can see, …
I'd like to draw your attention to …	If you look closely, you'll see …

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2. Make up a dialogue using the phrases above and role-play the conversation with your partner.
UNIT 8

The Executive Power of the Russian Federation

1. Grammar Focus:	Participle
2. Topic Activities (Reading & Speaking):	.Text 1. The Executive of the RF Text 2. The Russian Federation Text 3. The Federal Structure
3. Conversation & Writing Practice:	.Emphasising a point

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Participle

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, имеющая свойства прилагательного и глагола. Причастия в английском языке подразделяются на причастие I (-ing form) и причастие II.

Формы причастия

Voice		Active	Passive	Характер действия
Type/Tense
Participle I	Present	doing asking	being done being asked	одновременное с действием сказуемого
	Perfect	having done having asked	having been done having been asked	предшествующее действию сказуемого
Participle II	Past		done asked	результативное состояние пассивного значения (сделанный кем-то)

Способы перевода

причастием: e.g. apracticinglawyer = практикующий юрист деепричастием: e.g. Turning the corner, we saw the hotel. = Повернув за угол, мы увидели отель. придаточным предложением: e.g. When asked he is always glad to help. = Когда его просят, он всегда рад помочь. Способ перевода зависит от функции причастия в предложении.

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