2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

dominant, figure, popular, secret, maximum, reside, candidate, constitutional, arbitration, formation, federal, leadership, military, doctrine, publish, political, decoration, pardon, residence, subject, minister, execution, report, credit, policy, culture, ecology, uniform, manage, security, legality, control.
3. Translate the following words paying attention to word-building elements:

to execute – executive – execution, to dominate – dominant, citizen – citizenship, power – powerful, to appoint – appointment, chair - man – chairman, subject – subjective, to resign – resignation, to submit – submission, to endorse – endorsement, to lead – leader – leadership, to dismiss – dismissal, to resolve – resolution, to decorate – decoration, pardon – to pardon, to resign – residence, to govern – government, minister – ministry, to approve – approval, budget – budgetary, to develop –development, report – to report, implement – implementation, money – monetary, culture -cultural, science – scientific, to educate – education – educative, health – healthy, ecology – ecological, to manage – management, to defend – defense, legal –legality, free – freedom, to protect – protection, to control – control.
4. Look through the text and match the underlined English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents:

прямые выборы, тайное голосование; одобрение военной доктрины; постоянно проживать в РФ; при условии, что Государственная дума согласна; внесение на рассмотрение законопроектов; предоставление политического убежища; удовлетворять просьбу о помиловании (смягчать наказание), гарантировать законность; принимать меры.

TEXT 1

The Executive of the Russian Federation

The executive power in Russia is split between the President and the Prime Minister, but the President is the dominant figure. The President is the head of state and is elected by popular vote by secret ballot every six years for a maximum of two consecutive terms.

A citizen of Russia not younger than 35, who has resided in the Russian Federation for not less than 10 years, may be elected President of the Russian Federation.

The main powers of the President of the Russian Federation are:

- appointment of the Chairman, Deputy Chairmen and other members of the Federal Government subject to consent of the State Duma and taking decision on its resignation;

- submission to the Federation Council candidates for appointment to the office of judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation as well as the candidate for Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation, submission to the Federation Council the proposal on relieving the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation of his duties;

- appointment of the judges of other federal courts;

- formation and leadership of the Security Council of the Russian Federation;

- endorsement of the military doctrine of the country;

- appointment and dismissal of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a their Supreme Commander-in-Chief;

- introduction of draft laws in the State Duma;

- signing and publishing of federal laws;

- resolution issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation and of granting political asylum;

- awarding state decorations and granting pardons.

The President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President’s working residence is in the Moscow Kremlin.

---

The Government

The Government of the Russian Federation heads the single system of executive power in the country formed by federal bodies of executive power and bodies of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman of the Government, Deputy Chairmen of the Government and federal ministers.

The Chairman of the Government is appointed by the President, but the Duma must approve his appointment.

The Government of the Russian Federation:

- develops and submits the federal budget to the State Duma and a report on its execution;

- ensures the implementation of a uniform financial, credit and monetary policy as well as of a uniform state policy in the field of culture, science, education, health, social security and ecology;

- manages federal property;

- adopts measures to ensure the country’s defense, state security and the implementation of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

- implements measures to ensure legality, the rights and freedoms of citizens, protect property and public law and order and control crime, etc.
5. Match the following English and Russian words:

manage property	последовательные сроки
grant pardons	обеспечить законность
approve an appointment	реализовать меры
implement measures	представить бюджет
consecutive terms	одобрить назначение
submit the budget	управлять собственностью
ensure legality	помиловать

6. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   Who is the head of state in Russia?
   
2. 
   How is the President elected?
   
3. 
   What is his term in office?
   
4. 
   Who can run for presidency?
   
5. 
   What are the main powers of the President?
   
6. 
   What is the composition of the Government of the Russian Federation?
   
7. 
   How is the Chairman of the Government appointed?
   
8. 
   What are the main responsibilities of the Government?
   

7. Read text 2 for more information about the RF government.

TEXT 2

Russian Federation

The Russian Federation consists of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, an autonomous region and autonomous areas, which are equal subjects of the Russian Federation. There are 89 federal subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 65 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: 21 autonomous republics, 6 krais (provinces), 49 oblast (regions), two cities of federal status (Moscow and Saint-Petersburg), one autonomous oblast and 10 autonomous okrugs (districts), each endowed with equal rights.

All the subjects of the Russian Federation are equal among themselves in relations with the Federal bodies of state power.

Of the 89 members of the Russian Federation the 21 republics are each administered by a President - the head of the executive organ of authority in a republic.

The remaining federal subjects of the Russian Federation - krai, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug - are governed by local administration (government), the head (governor) of which is the highest official in the territory.

---

Within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation on issues within the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation the federal bodies of executive power and bodies of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation form the single system of executive power in the Russian Federation.

To exercise their powers, the federal bodies of executive power may set up their own territorial structures and appoint respective officials. By agreement with organs of executive power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the federal organs of executive power may delegate to them part of their powers provided this does not contravene the Constitution of the Russian Federation
or federal laws.

8. Make up a summary of the information read in writing and be ready to reproduce it.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Translate text 3 in writing:

TEXT 3

The federated structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the uniform system of state power, delimitation of scopes of authority and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of the peoples in the Russian Federation.

The status of a republic is defined in the Federal Constitution and the Constitution of the respective republic. The status of a territory, region, a Federal city, the autonomous region and an autonomous area is set out in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Statute of the respective territory, region, Federal city, autonomous region and autonomous area, which is adopted by the legislative (representative) power body of the respective Federation member.

The republic has its own constitution and legislation. A territory, region, federal city, autonomous region and autonomous have its own charter and legislation.

State power in the subjects of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state authority formed by them.

The scopes of authority and powers of the bodies of state authority of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state authority of the subjects of the Russian Federation are delimited under this Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal and other Treaties on the delimitation of scopes of authority and powers.

CONVERSATION & WRITING PRACTICE
1. Study the following phrases:

Emphasising a point

I want to stress .... I want to highlight .... I'd like to emphasise .... I'd like to put emphasis on .... It's important to remember that .... We should bear in mind that .... Don't forget that .... The crucial point is ....

The essential point is .... The fundamental point is .... Furthermore, .... What's more, .... This supports my argument that, .... It follows, therefore, that .... What (in effect) we are saying is

Giving opinions

I definitely think that.... I'm sure that.... I'm convinced that.... I really do think that.... I'm of the opinion that ... As I see it, .... I think ....

I consider .... I feel .... Personally, I believe ... In my opinion/view, .... It seems to me .... I'm inclined to think that ... I tend to think that ....

Presenting and discussing results

• 
  The results show ....
  
• 
  The data suggest that ....
  
• 
  As we can see, ....
  
• 
  As the graph shows, ....
  
• 
  We have seen that ....
  

---

2. Make up dialogues using the phrases above and role-play the conversation with your partner.

.MODULE IV JUDICIAL POWER

---

UNIT 9

The American Judicial System

1. Grammar Focus:	1. Absolute Participle Construction 2. Gerund
2. Topic Activities (Reading & Speaking):	Text 1. The US Federal Judiciary Text 2. State Courts and Jury Duty Text 3. The Supreme Court of the US
3. Translation & Writing Practice:	.Abstracts

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Absolute Participle Construction

Структура	(with)	Subject (подлежащее)		+ Participle
Функция	указывает на различные обстоятельства (причины, времени, сопутствующие обстоятельства и т.п.) по отношению к действию главного предложения
Позиция в предложении	п осле главного предложения		о борот		перед главным предложением
	S ubject + Verb , 1. He went home,		S ubject + Participle , the lessons being over. 2.The lessons being over,		Subject + Verb he went home.

Перевод	1. Онпошел домой,	так как уроки закончились. 2. Так как уроки закончились,	он пошел домой.
	причастие переводится сказуемым, которое вместе с подлежащим образует отдельное предложение, вводимое союзами так как, поскольку, после того, как, когда, а, и, но, причём.

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