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Europe in 12 lessons
On the initiative of the President of the Euro-
pean Commission, José Manuel Barroso, the
EU member states have therefore decided:
• to invest more in research and
innovation;
• to give the European Commission a
greater role as coordinator in order to give
support to member states, particularly
through the dissemination of ‘best practice’
in Europe;
• to speed up reforms in the financial
markets and in social security systems and
accelerate liberalisation of the telecommu-
nications and energy sectors.
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9. A citizens’ Europe
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Europe in 12 lessons
I. Travelling, living
and working in Europe
The first right of a European citizen is the
right to travel, work and live anywhere in the
Union. The Treaty of Maastricht enshrined
this right in its chapter on citizenship.
The EU has passed a directive establishing a
system of mutual recognition of higher edu-
cation qualifications. This directive applies
to all university courses lasting three years
or more and is based on the principle of
mutual confidence in the quality of national
education and training systems.
Any person who is a national of an EU coun-
try can work in the health, education and
other public services anywhere in the Union,
with the exception of activities covered by
the prerogative of public authorities (the
police, armed forces, foreign affairs, etc.).
Indeed, what could be more natural than
recruiting a British teacher to teach English
in Rome, or encouraging a young Belgian
graduate to compete in a civil service exam
in France?
Since 2004, European citizens who travel
within the EU can obtain a
European health
insurance
card, from their national authori-
ties which helps cover medical costs if they
fall ill while in another country.
II. How citizens
can exercise their rights
Europeans are not just consumers or partici-
pants in economic and social affairs. They
are also citizens of the European Union, and
as such have specific political rights. Under
the Maastricht Treaty, every citizen of the
Union, regardless of nationality, has the
right to vote
and
to stand as a candidate
in local elections in his or her country of
residence and in elections to the European
Parliament.
This brings the EU closer to its people. Citi-
zenship of the Union is now enshrined in the
Treaty which states that ‘Every person hold-
ing the nationality of a Member State shall
be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the
Union shall complement and not replace
national citizenship’.
III. Fundamental rights
The Treaty of Amsterdam, which came into
force in 999, strengthened the concept of
fundamental rights. It introduced a proce-
dure for taking action against an EU country
that violates its citizens’ fundamental rights.
It also extended the principle of non-dis-
crimination so that it covers not only nation-
ality but also gender, race, religion, age and
sexual orientation.
• Thanks to the European Union, citizens of member countries
can travel, live and work anywhere in Europe.
• In daily life, the EU encourages and funds programmes
to bring citizens closer together, particularly in the fields
of education and culture.
• A feeling of belonging to the European Union will develop
only gradually, through its tangible achievements and successes.
• Some symbols that represent a shared European identity
already exist. The most prominent is the single currency,
but there are also the EU flag and anthem.
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Finally, the Amsterdam Treaty improved
the EU policy of transparency and allowed
citizens greater access to the official docu-
ments of the European institutions.
The European Union’s commitment to citi-
zens’ rights was reaffirmed in Nice in Decem-
ber 2000 with the solemn proclamation of
the
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union
. This Charter was drawn
up by a Convention composed of members
of national parliaments, MEPs, representa-
tives of national governments and a mem-
ber of the European Commission. Under
six headings — Dignity, Freedoms, Equality,
Solidarity, Citizens’ Rights and Justice — its
4 articles set out the European Union’s
fundamental values and the civil, political,
economic and social rights of EU citizens.
The opening articles cover human dignity,
the right to life, the right to the ‘integrity
of the person’ and the right to freedom
of expression and of conscience. The chap-
ter on solidarity brings together, in an in-
novative way, social and economic rights
such as:
• the right to strike;
• the right of workers to be informed and
consulted;
• the right to reconcile family life and
professional life;
• the right to healthcare, social security
and social assistance throughout the Euro-
pean Union.
The Charter also promotes equality between
men and women and introduces rights such
as data protection, a ban on eugenic prac-
tices and the reproductive cloning of human
beings, the right to environmental protec-
tion, the rights of children and elderly peo-
ple and the right to good administration.
IV. Europe means education
and culture
A sense of belonging together and having a
common destiny cannot be manufactured. It
can only arise from a shared cultural aware-
ness, which is why Europe now needs to fo-
cus its attention not just on economics but
also on education, citizenship and culture.
The EU’s educational and training pro-
grammes are one element in this. They pro-
mote exchange programmes so students
can go abroad, participate in joint school
activities across borders and learn new lan-
guages, etc. It is still decided at national or
local level how schools and education are
organised and what the exact curriculum is.
In the field of culture, the EU programmes
‘Culture’ and ‘Media’ foster cooperation
between programme makers, promoters,
broadcasters and artists from different coun-
tries. This helps to produce more European
TV programmes and films, thereby redress-
ing the balance between European and
American output.
V. The Ombudsman
and the right to petition
To help bring the EU closer to its citizens,
the Treaty on European Union created the
post of Ombudsman. The European Par-
liament appoints the Ombudsman, who
remains in office for the duration of the
Parliament. The Ombudsman’s role is to in-
vestigate complaints against EU institutions
and bodies. Complaints may be brought by
any EU citizen and by any person or or-
ganisation living or based in an EU member
country. The Ombudsman tries to arrange an
amicable settlement between the complain-
ant and the institution or body concerned.
Another important link between citizens and
the EU institutions is the right of any person
residing in a member state to petition the
European Parliament.
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Europe in 12 lessons
VI. Involving the citizens
The idea of a ‘citizens’ Europe’ is very new.
Some symbols that represent a shared Eu-
ropean identity already exist, such as the
European passport (in use since 98), the
European anthem (Beethoven’s ‘Ode to Joy’)
and the European flag (a circle of 2 gold
stars on a blue background). EU driving li-
cences have been issued in all EU countries
since 99. The EU has adopted a motto,
‘United in diversity’, and 9 May has been
made ‘Europe Day’.
Since 99, the European Parliament has
been directly elected by universal suffrage.
This gives greater democratic legitimacy to
the process of European integration, linking
it directly with the will of the people. Europe
could be made even more democratic by giv-
ing the Parliament a greater role, by creating
genuine European political parties and by
giving ordinary people a greater say in EU
policymaking via non-governmental organi-
sations and other voluntary associations.
The use of euro notes and coins since 2002
has had a major psychological impact. More
than two thirds of EU citizens now manage
their personal budget and savings in euro.
Pricing goods and services in euro means
that consumers can compare prices directly
from one country to another. Border checks
have been abolished between most EU
countries under the Schengen Agreement
(to which all EU countries should eventually
sign up), and this already gives citizens a
sense of belonging to a single, unified geo-
graphic area.
‘We are not bringing together states, we are
uniting people’, said Jean Monnet back in
92. Raising public awareness about the
EU and involving citizens in its activities is
still one of the greatest challenges facing
the EU institutions today.
The EU programmes for lifelong learning:
estimated figures for the programme period 2007–13
Area concerned
Name of EU
programme
Aims
School education
Comenius
% of schoolchildren in the European
Union will participate in joint educa-
tional activities.
Higher education
Erasmus
Three million students will be able to
study at universities abroad.
Vocational training
Leonardo da Vinci
Every year 80 000 people will be able
to do traineeships in companies and
training centres in another European
country.
Adult education
Grundtvig
000 people every year will be able to
carry out educational activities abroad.
European
integration studies
Jean Monnet
Support for academic research and
teaching in European integration.