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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Программа курса английского языка
Text 1 (D). Development of Microelectronic Devices
Text 2(A) Fundamentals of Radio
Text 2 (C) Basic Receivers and Transmitters
Text 1. Types of Electric Current
Text 2. Sources of Electrical Energy
Text 3. Properties of Electric Current and Electric Circuit
Text 4. Elements of Electric and Radio Circuits
Text 5. From the History of Electricity
тип условного предложения (реальноеилинереальноеусловие):
1. The computer must be instructed in the program what to do if the answer of an intermediate calculation becomes zero. 2. If the values of current were known, the difference between hot and cold junctions could be calibrated on a meter scale. 3. Provided conduction for a lesser period of time were desired to satisfy a circuit requirements, a higher potential would be impressed on the control grid. 4. If life existed on Venus, we should know this. 5. Even if one of the engines had failed, the plane would have been able to continue the flight safely. 6. Could the acid be purified, the reaction would take place. 7. If the experiments start in time, the results will be by no means satisfactory. 8. Unless computer technology had been developed, space research would have never made such great progress. 9. The accuracy of the system would be considerably improved if signals were transmitted on two or more frequencies simultaneously. 10. If you are my friend, you’ll help me with my exam in Physics.
3. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении:
1. If the weather…………..fine, they would go to the forest for mushrooms next week-end.
a) will be b) has been c) were
2. Larry would write him, if he ………..his address.
a) has known b) knew c) knows
3. If he…………..more spare time, he might have helped us.
a) had b) has had c) had had
4. If he …….a warm coat yesterday, he wouldn't have caught cold.
a) put on b) had put on c) should put on
главном предложении:
1. If he had realized the danger, he ………………away.
a) would run b) would have run c) had run
2. If George went to the party, he …………….Bell there.
a) would see b) will see c) saw
3. Matthew ……………..the children alone for too long if it hadn't been so necessary to see the doctor.
a) hadn't left b) wouldn't leave c) wouldn't have left
4. Phil ……….if he had more money.
a) will travel b) would travel c) would have travelled
1. If you (to go) and (to live) in that country, you (to find) easier to learn the language. 2. If it (not to cost) so much she (to buy) that dress. 3. If I (to be) you, I (to do) this work yesterday. 4. If Bob (to know) she was here he (to tell) her everything. 5. If we (not to waste) so much energy, our resources (to last) longer. 6. Joan (to send) the telex if the manager (to ask) her to do it. 7. I (not to be) late for work yesterday if I (to have) an early night the day before yesterday. 8. If jack (to buy) the car earlier, it (to cost) less than now. 9. If I (to know) that it was going to rain, I (to take) an umbrella. 10.Just imagine what the world (to be) like if we (not to have) electricity!
6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание многозначность английских глаголов shouldи would:
1.It is desirable that the arrangement of instruments should be as compact as possible. 2. The scientists suggested that the thickness of the wing should be moderate. 3. Should the atom gain an excessive electron, the problem would be solved. 4. The earliest experiments in the air showed that success would be achieved. 5. At the moment this class of instruments is mainly used in laboratory, but in future it should find use in industry. 6. Air is a medium through which sound travels, without it there would be no sound. 7. It should be emphasized that progress is made by people. 8. Magnetic measurements near or on asteroids would have been of value. 9. Early planes would carry only a pilot. 10. Reliability would be much higher if better circuits were employed.
7. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности перевода зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. Any numerical problem being solved, the digital computer has become a significant instrument in our days. 2. A lot of information being delivered, some form of “memory” must be provided. 3. New computers are rapidly developed, digital computers being among the most widely spread. 4. Some mathematical problems being solved, we have to substitute the numbers for letters in formulas. 5. When falling, the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 6. When using a computer, we can perform any information-processing task. 7. For systems requiring lower performance there is a choice: a choice of technology and a choice of design. 8. The rate of change of silicon technology is so fast that making a choice is like trying to hit a moving target; the parameters are continually but predictably changing with the technology advancing all the time. 9. Nearly all components and interconnections for data-processing equipment are fabricated by automated printing techniques, with the information for the manufacturing data being in digital form. 10. While used, precision instruments require very delicate handling. 11. There are several different types of mixtures, some being homogeneous and others heterogeneous. 12. The experiments having been carried out, we started new investigation.
8. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитив в конструкциях ComplexObjectи ComplexSubjectчасто соответствует придаточным предложениям в русском языке:
These substances cause the composition of the liquid to be changed. 3. Friction caused the body to stop. 4. He assumed these vacuum tubes to have been tested under severe conditions. 5. The engineers consider most tubes of this type to use mercury vapour as the gas. 6. The ancients thought electricity to be an invisible fluid. 7. I want him to compare the results of his experiments on sensitivity of instruments. 8. We suppose them to know the fundamental laws of electricity.
operations. 2. A computer is said to be universal or general purpose when it can be programmed to solve a wide variety of problems. 3. Copper wire is knows to be highly durable under ordinary atmospheric conditions. 4. The methods described below are thought to be of interest. 5. The weather is likely to change tomorrow. 6. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, as he has read a lot of technical journals. 7. The charge in the nucleus was found to be proportional to the atomic weight of each element. 8. Modern computers are believed to have storage capacities for hundreds of thousands numbers.
содержащие конструкции с герундием:
teaching me to swim. 3. The fact that she was young didn’t seem to be any excuse at all for her not being like other women. 4. I cannot remember my father having talked of the book. 5. It was one of the reasons for my not having definitely refused the offer. 6. Also there was a possibility of your running into Ann. 7. Do you mind me asking you about work? 8. The next moment I was conscious of James shaking my hand.
подчеркните в них придаточные и укажите, являются ли они дополнительными (Д) или определительными (О):
2. The device involving diodes is limited in the variety of functions it can produce. 3. We know the current is a path of an electric current. 4. The method you have described has some advantages. 5. We learned quite recently the instrument was not of the highest quality. 6. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. 7. Some of the main reasons for the growth of integrated circuits are that they are small and light, more reliable than discrete circuits, have fewer connections, can be mass-produced and therefore are cheap.
приводимый ниже текст
Expert systems technology is in its infancy, emerging from the new and expanding field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are two contrasting views of AI. One, the theoretical viewpoint, is concerned with understanding how computers can be developed to perceive and understand to the level of human ability. The other, the engineering viewpoint, is concerned with developing computers that can demonstrate human ability without requiring theoretical foundation. Just as it was possible to construct bridges before a science of mechanics was well developed, so too it is possible to develop intelligent systems that can contribute to problem solving and decision making before a comprehensive theoretical foundation has been developed.
The major AI areas mirror human abilities: locomotion and manipulatory skills in robotics; communication skills in natural language and speech; the ability to distinguish and recognize images in vision, and problem solving skills in expert systems.
AI techniques used can be classified into several areas: knowledge representation and processing, learning techniques, planning strategies and the user interface.
ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА
The electric current was born in the year 1800 when A. Volta constructed the first source of continuous current. Since that time numerous scientists and inventors, Russian and foreign, have contributed to its development and practical application. According to¹ electronic theory it is the electron that sets up a flow of electric current. In other words an electric current is a flow of electrons in a circuit per second of time. The flow of electricity through a circuit is called the electric current and is measured in amperes. The instrument for measuring electric current is called an ammeter.
The electric current flows in circuits formed of metallic conductors. Sometimes the circuit includes, in addition to² metal conductors, electrolytes (as in batteries), gaseous conductors (as in fluorescent lamps), and streams of electrons and ions (as in electric tubes). In all these cases the passage of the current results in the production of heat and light, or both and in the case of electrolytes it causes chemical changes.
There are different types of current having great importance for our industry, but we shall discuss only some of them. An electric current, which always flows in the same direction through a conductor and does not change its polarity, is called a direct current (d.c. or D.C.). A direct current generally remains at constant voltage, that is, the voltage neither rises nor falls. A pulsating direct current is that kind of electric current that flows in the same direction through a circuit but varies in its voltage value.
An alternating current is an electric current, alternating or varying both in amount and direction, its abbreviation is A.C. The alternation may occur (take place) from a few per second up to several million per second. Two alternations make a cycle. The number of cycles in one second is called the frequency of an alternating current.
An oscillating current is similar to A.C. in shape but has a constant frequency and its amplitude is damped. Transient currents usually damp away extremely rapidly. One should mention unidirectional transient and A.C. transient types of electric current.
(1800 t.un.)
¹ according to – согласно, в соответствии с.
² in addition to – кроме.
To produce an electric current requires employing a chemical, as in the battery, or a mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator, source of energy.
Energy is not created by an electric energy source, but is only converted into an electrical form from another one, such as mechanical, chemical, thermal or radiant energy. In waterpower plants, the energy of falling water is converted into electrical or into heat when coal is burnt. Chemical sources of current have limited application as great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.
For the first time mechanical energy was converted into electrical one by means of electrostatic machines. As industrial application of energy increases greater amount of energy is needed every year. The energy needs will continue to grow while the energy sources of the world are decreasing.
Coal oil and gas have been man’s main sources of heat from ancient times and today they are our basic sources of energy. However, coal and other kinds of fuel are often replaced by atomic energy. Man has learned to split atoms with the help of a nuclear reactor in order to get great quantities of energy. For example, a ton of uranium can give us as much energy as about 3 million tons of coal.
The Earth contains inside it a practically inexhaustible supply of thermal energy, which can be used for economic needs.
Another unlimited source of energy is the Sun. But at present only a small part of solar energy is being used. Solar power station will permit to generate cheap electricity in large quantities in the near future.
An enormous energy of the wind, exceeding millions of kilowatt-hours, has not yet found effective application. Utilization of tidal energy has been studied in many countries. Using tidal forces and wind energy will certainly make considerable contribution to future electricity production.
(1605 t.un.)
The flow of electrons through a circuit is called electric current. The strength of the current depends on the rate at which electrons move in the conductor. But we cannot see the effect produced by the electric current apart from¹ the conductor through which it flows. If a magnet is suspended near a conductor carrying current, the magnet will deflect. Any piece of
iron put near a conductor will become magnetized. A body carrying electric current becomes magnetized. Thus, to deflect a magnet, to magnetize iron and to heat the body are properties of electric current.
The properties influencing the flow of electricity in the circuit are resistance, inductance and capacitance.
Resistance is a property of a circuit to oppose the flow of electricity through it. The resistance of a conductor to the flow of electric current depends on a number of factors. First of all² that is the material of the conductor. Different materials offer different resistance to the flow of current. Metals generally have resistance and are good conductors. Materials, which offer a very high resistance, are used as insulators. Resistance is also affected by the length of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the greater is the resistance. The unit of resistance is the Ohm.
Inductance shows the ability of an electric current to create a magnetic field. If the current is alternating, the magnetic field formed by this current produces in the circuit the current of self-induction, which flows in the direction opposite to that of the current in this electric circuit. Inductance depends on the properties of the core and the structure of the coil. The unit of inductance is the Henry.
Capacitance is the property of the electric circuit to store electricity. The device designed to store electric charges is called a condenser or a capacitor. The capacitance of that condenser depends on the area of the plates, the distance between the plates and the nature of dielectric insulating the plates. Capacitance is measured in Farads.
(1735 t.un.)
¹ apart from – вне
² first of all – прежде всего
1. The computer must be instructed in the program what to do if the answer of an intermediate calculation becomes zero. 2. If the values of current were known, the difference between hot and cold junctions could be calibrated on a meter scale. 3. Provided conduction for a lesser period of time were desired to satisfy a circuit requirements, a higher potential would be impressed on the control grid. 4. If life existed on Venus, we should know this. 5. Even if one of the engines had failed, the plane would have been able to continue the flight safely. 6. Could the acid be purified, the reaction would take place. 7. If the experiments start in time, the results will be by no means satisfactory. 8. Unless computer technology had been developed, space research would have never made such great progress. 9. The accuracy of the system would be considerably improved if signals were transmitted on two or more frequencies simultaneously. 10. If you are my friend, you’ll help me with my exam in Physics.
3. Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении:
1. If the weather…………..fine, they would go to the forest for mushrooms next week-end.
a) will be b) has been c) were
2. Larry would write him, if he ………..his address.
a) has known b) knew c) knows
3. If he…………..more spare time, he might have helped us.
a) had b) has had c) had had
4. If he …….a warm coat yesterday, he wouldn't have caught cold.
a) put on b) had put on c) should put on
-
Употребите нужную форму сослагательного наклонения в
главном предложении:
1. If he had realized the danger, he ………………away.
a) would run b) would have run c) had run
2. If George went to the party, he …………….Bell there.
a) would see b) will see c) saw
3. Matthew ……………..the children alone for too long if it hadn't been so necessary to see the doctor.
a) hadn't left b) wouldn't leave c) wouldn't have left
4. Phil ……….if he had more money.
a) will travel b) would travel c) would have travelled
-
Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения:
1. If you (to go) and (to live) in that country, you (to find) easier to learn the language. 2. If it (not to cost) so much she (to buy) that dress. 3. If I (to be) you, I (to do) this work yesterday. 4. If Bob (to know) she was here he (to tell) her everything. 5. If we (not to waste) so much energy, our resources (to last) longer. 6. Joan (to send) the telex if the manager (to ask) her to do it. 7. I (not to be) late for work yesterday if I (to have) an early night the day before yesterday. 8. If jack (to buy) the car earlier, it (to cost) less than now. 9. If I (to know) that it was going to rain, I (to take) an umbrella. 10.Just imagine what the world (to be) like if we (not to have) electricity!
6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание многозначность английских глаголов shouldи would:
1.It is desirable that the arrangement of instruments should be as compact as possible. 2. The scientists suggested that the thickness of the wing should be moderate. 3. Should the atom gain an excessive electron, the problem would be solved. 4. The earliest experiments in the air showed that success would be achieved. 5. At the moment this class of instruments is mainly used in laboratory, but in future it should find use in industry. 6. Air is a medium through which sound travels, without it there would be no sound. 7. It should be emphasized that progress is made by people. 8. Magnetic measurements near or on asteroids would have been of value. 9. Early planes would carry only a pilot. 10. Reliability would be much higher if better circuits were employed.
7. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая особенности перевода зависимого и независимого причастного оборота:
1. Any numerical problem being solved, the digital computer has become a significant instrument in our days. 2. A lot of information being delivered, some form of “memory” must be provided. 3. New computers are rapidly developed, digital computers being among the most widely spread. 4. Some mathematical problems being solved, we have to substitute the numbers for letters in formulas. 5. When falling, the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 6. When using a computer, we can perform any information-processing task. 7. For systems requiring lower performance there is a choice: a choice of technology and a choice of design. 8. The rate of change of silicon technology is so fast that making a choice is like trying to hit a moving target; the parameters are continually but predictably changing with the technology advancing all the time. 9. Nearly all components and interconnections for data-processing equipment are fabricated by automated printing techniques, with the information for the manufacturing data being in digital form. 10. While used, precision instruments require very delicate handling. 11. There are several different types of mixtures, some being homogeneous and others heterogeneous. 12. The experiments having been carried out, we started new investigation.
8. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание, что инфинитив в конструкциях ComplexObjectи ComplexSubjectчасто соответствует придаточным предложениям в русском языке:
-
1. We believe these rectifiers to have been provided with filters. 2.
These substances cause the composition of the liquid to be changed. 3. Friction caused the body to stop. 4. He assumed these vacuum tubes to have been tested under severe conditions. 5. The engineers consider most tubes of this type to use mercury vapour as the gas. 6. The ancients thought electricity to be an invisible fluid. 7. I want him to compare the results of his experiments on sensitivity of instruments. 8. We suppose them to know the fundamental laws of electricity.
-
1. Computing machines in general are expected to perform arithmetic
operations. 2. A computer is said to be universal or general purpose when it can be programmed to solve a wide variety of problems. 3. Copper wire is knows to be highly durable under ordinary atmospheric conditions. 4. The methods described below are thought to be of interest. 5. The weather is likely to change tomorrow. 6. He is certain to make a good report at the conference, as he has read a lot of technical journals. 7. The charge in the nucleus was found to be proportional to the atomic weight of each element. 8. Modern computers are believed to have storage capacities for hundreds of thousands numbers.
-
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения,
содержащие конструкции с герундием:
-
I said something about it being a bit late. 2. I can remember him
teaching me to swim. 3. The fact that she was young didn’t seem to be any excuse at all for her not being like other women. 4. I cannot remember my father having talked of the book. 5. It was one of the reasons for my not having definitely refused the offer. 6. Also there was a possibility of your running into Ann. 7. Do you mind me asking you about work? 8. The next moment I was conscious of James shaking my hand.
-
Перепишите следующие сложноподчиненные предложения,
подчеркните в них придаточные и укажите, являются ли они дополнительными (Д) или определительными (О):
-
We may expect a short circuit results in wire fault and cable fault.
2. The device involving diodes is limited in the variety of functions it can produce. 3. We know the current is a path of an electric current. 4. The method you have described has some advantages. 5. We learned quite recently the instrument was not of the highest quality. 6. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. 7. Some of the main reasons for the growth of integrated circuits are that they are small and light, more reliable than discrete circuits, have fewer connections, can be mass-produced and therefore are cheap.
-
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык
приводимый ниже текст
Expert systems technology is in its infancy, emerging from the new and expanding field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). There are two contrasting views of AI. One, the theoretical viewpoint, is concerned with understanding how computers can be developed to perceive and understand to the level of human ability. The other, the engineering viewpoint, is concerned with developing computers that can demonstrate human ability without requiring theoretical foundation. Just as it was possible to construct bridges before a science of mechanics was well developed, so too it is possible to develop intelligent systems that can contribute to problem solving and decision making before a comprehensive theoretical foundation has been developed.
The major AI areas mirror human abilities: locomotion and manipulatory skills in robotics; communication skills in natural language and speech; the ability to distinguish and recognize images in vision, and problem solving skills in expert systems.
AI techniques used can be classified into several areas: knowledge representation and processing, learning techniques, planning strategies and the user interface.
ТЕКСТЫ
ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА
Text 1. Types of Electric Current
The electric current was born in the year 1800 when A. Volta constructed the first source of continuous current. Since that time numerous scientists and inventors, Russian and foreign, have contributed to its development and practical application. According to¹ electronic theory it is the electron that sets up a flow of electric current. In other words an electric current is a flow of electrons in a circuit per second of time. The flow of electricity through a circuit is called the electric current and is measured in amperes. The instrument for measuring electric current is called an ammeter.
The electric current flows in circuits formed of metallic conductors. Sometimes the circuit includes, in addition to² metal conductors, electrolytes (as in batteries), gaseous conductors (as in fluorescent lamps), and streams of electrons and ions (as in electric tubes). In all these cases the passage of the current results in the production of heat and light, or both and in the case of electrolytes it causes chemical changes.
There are different types of current having great importance for our industry, but we shall discuss only some of them. An electric current, which always flows in the same direction through a conductor and does not change its polarity, is called a direct current (d.c. or D.C.). A direct current generally remains at constant voltage, that is, the voltage neither rises nor falls. A pulsating direct current is that kind of electric current that flows in the same direction through a circuit but varies in its voltage value.
An alternating current is an electric current, alternating or varying both in amount and direction, its abbreviation is A.C. The alternation may occur (take place) from a few per second up to several million per second. Two alternations make a cycle. The number of cycles in one second is called the frequency of an alternating current.
An oscillating current is similar to A.C. in shape but has a constant frequency and its amplitude is damped. Transient currents usually damp away extremely rapidly. One should mention unidirectional transient and A.C. transient types of electric current.
(1800 t.un.)
¹ according to – согласно, в соответствии с.
² in addition to – кроме.
Text 2. Sources of Electrical Energy
To produce an electric current requires employing a chemical, as in the battery, or a mechanical, as in the electromagnetic generator, source of energy.
Energy is not created by an electric energy source, but is only converted into an electrical form from another one, such as mechanical, chemical, thermal or radiant energy. In waterpower plants, the energy of falling water is converted into electrical or into heat when coal is burnt. Chemical sources of current have limited application as great quantities of electric energy generated today come from various forms of mechanical energy.
For the first time mechanical energy was converted into electrical one by means of electrostatic machines. As industrial application of energy increases greater amount of energy is needed every year. The energy needs will continue to grow while the energy sources of the world are decreasing.
Coal oil and gas have been man’s main sources of heat from ancient times and today they are our basic sources of energy. However, coal and other kinds of fuel are often replaced by atomic energy. Man has learned to split atoms with the help of a nuclear reactor in order to get great quantities of energy. For example, a ton of uranium can give us as much energy as about 3 million tons of coal.
The Earth contains inside it a practically inexhaustible supply of thermal energy, which can be used for economic needs.
Another unlimited source of energy is the Sun. But at present only a small part of solar energy is being used. Solar power station will permit to generate cheap electricity in large quantities in the near future.
An enormous energy of the wind, exceeding millions of kilowatt-hours, has not yet found effective application. Utilization of tidal energy has been studied in many countries. Using tidal forces and wind energy will certainly make considerable contribution to future electricity production.
(1605 t.un.)
Text 3. Properties of Electric Current and Electric Circuit
The flow of electrons through a circuit is called electric current. The strength of the current depends on the rate at which electrons move in the conductor. But we cannot see the effect produced by the electric current apart from¹ the conductor through which it flows. If a magnet is suspended near a conductor carrying current, the magnet will deflect. Any piece of
iron put near a conductor will become magnetized. A body carrying electric current becomes magnetized. Thus, to deflect a magnet, to magnetize iron and to heat the body are properties of electric current.
The properties influencing the flow of electricity in the circuit are resistance, inductance and capacitance.
Resistance is a property of a circuit to oppose the flow of electricity through it. The resistance of a conductor to the flow of electric current depends on a number of factors. First of all² that is the material of the conductor. Different materials offer different resistance to the flow of current. Metals generally have resistance and are good conductors. Materials, which offer a very high resistance, are used as insulators. Resistance is also affected by the length of the conductor. The longer the conductor, the greater is the resistance. The unit of resistance is the Ohm.
Inductance shows the ability of an electric current to create a magnetic field. If the current is alternating, the magnetic field formed by this current produces in the circuit the current of self-induction, which flows in the direction opposite to that of the current in this electric circuit. Inductance depends on the properties of the core and the structure of the coil. The unit of inductance is the Henry.
Capacitance is the property of the electric circuit to store electricity. The device designed to store electric charges is called a condenser or a capacitor. The capacitance of that condenser depends on the area of the plates, the distance between the plates and the nature of dielectric insulating the plates. Capacitance is measured in Farads.
(1735 t.un.)
¹ apart from – вне
² first of all – прежде всего