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Text 1 (B). Electronics as a Science

Electronics as a science studies the properties of electrons, the laws of their motion, the laws of transformation of various kinds of energy.

Electronics is a science, which deals with devices and instruments that are operated by the control of the movement of electric charges in a
vacuum, in gasses, or in semiconductors; or with the processing of information or the control of energy by such devices. This definition covers

the whole complex family of vacuum and gaseous electron tubes and their application. It also includes semiconductor and transistor technologies to process information or to convert energy. Without electronics we would not have cybernetics, cosmonautics and nuclear physics. It is no mistake to compare the birth of electronics to such great achievements of mankind as the discovery of fire, and penetration into the secrets of the atom. Shortly speaking, electronics is not so much a new subject; it is rather a new way of looking at electricity.
Text 1 (C). Application of Electronics

Large-scale application of electronics made it possible to revolutionize our life. At present it is difficult to enumerate all branches of science and technology, which are based on electronic techniques.

Electronics surrounds us everywhere. It seems to influence every aspect of human activity. Electronics is at the heart of TV and radio reception, broadcasting, radio and sound location, electronic computation and so on. Huge radio telescopes, equipped with sensitive instruments and powerful amplifiers enable men to penetrate onto the remotest corners of space, discover new and puzzling phenomena of nature. Electronic computers calculate the trajectories of spaceships, launch and control the rockets. It is the intensive development of radiolocation that gave start to radio electronics. For a long time electronics was used only for communication and for ensuring amplification and transformation of various signals in applied sciences. Soon men witnessed another stage in the development of electronics. Integrated circuits came into being (появились). Their application allowed engineers to reduce the dimensions of electronic devices and increase their reliability.

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Text 1 (D). Development of Microelectronic Devices

The development of the transistor initiated the development of microelectronic devices. Very small electronic circuits of great reliability were needed by those organizations, which were concerned with sending equipment into space since the weight of the missile was of primary importance.

Microelectronic devices (integrated circuits) are made from wafer-thin pieces (тонкие пластины) of semiconductor material, such as silicon. A small chip of silicon can contain a very large number of electronic components built into the circuit.

Integrated circuits (IC) have a wide variety of processing and storage functions. Today it is possible to have all circuits needed for a microcomputer, for example, on a single semiconductor chip, which is about the same size as the early ICs that contained only a few components. Large-Scale Integrated circuits (LSI), containing thousands of components, are now commonplace. Each IC (chip) is mounted in a package so that electrical connections can be made.

The availability of these small microelectronic devices allows the electromechanical devices in industrial and domestic equipment to be replaced by much more compact control systems, and has given rise to developments in automation which were not previously possible.

The use of microelectronic devices in computers has had a considerable effect in that computer power is now available in the office, on the shop floor, and at home.
Контрольная работа №1

Вариант 1

1. 
   Вставьте в предложения глагол to be в форме единственного или множественного числа is/are.
   

1.The news I have receive … good. 2.The sheep … in the field. 3.Fish … not cheap today. 4.The stairs … very clean. 5.Her wages … low.

2. 
   Употребите в данных предложениях личные местоимения.
   

1.My husband has a new car, but … doesn’t like … very much. 2.Pete has three sons. He plays golf with … in his free time. 3.Steve’s new teacher is Mr. Ford. Steve likes … a lot. 4.They are very good people. I know … . 5.I have a sister. I love … very much. 6.We are good students and our teacher likes to teach … .

3. 
   Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в простой или абсолютной форме.
   

1.We have a nice flat. … flat is in a new house. 2.This is my car. … is a 1992 model. 3.Jim, tell me, isn’t that ... girl-friend over there? 4.I know that he has lost … text-book, perhaps you can lend him … . 5.Ann is glad to see … friends again. 6.I am not happy about my new house, but … is just awful. I can’t understand why they’ve bought it.

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4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.

1.Everywhere in Moscow you will see new buildings. 2.The lecturer will tell us something about the history of Great Britain. 3.Any station in our Metro is very clean and beautiful. 4.Some new districts appeared in St. Petersburg during the last 5 years. 5.You can’t find this book anywhere. 6.Anyone who comes to St. Petersburg tries to visit the Hermitage. 7.No engineer can solve this problem without the help of computers.

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5. 
   Напишите форму множественного числа от данных существительных:
   

boy, wife, man, mouse, sheep, matchbox, woman-teacher, sister-in-law, table, story, leaf

5. 
   Поставьте выделенные существительные во множественное число. Произведите все необходимые изменения.
   

1.I have hurt my foot. 2.Put the box on the shelf. 3.This factory has a good laboratory. 4.Their child studies very well. 5.There is a deer near our cottage. 6.His speech was very interesting.

5. 
   Перепишите данные ниже предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи является слово, оформленное окончанием -s, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно а) показателем 3л.ед.ч. в Present Indefinite (Present Simple), б) признаком множественного числа существительного, в) показателем притяжательного числа имени существительного. Предложения переведите.
   

1.The lectures of professor Nelson are very interesting. 2.He lectures on Mathematics. 3.What is your friend’s profession? 4.Each lesson lasts 40 minutes. 5.In autumn leaves begin to fall from the trees. 6.The train leaves at 9.

5. 
   Вставьте вместо точек s, ‘s, s’, где необходимо.
   

1.This is a new book of Pushkin… poem… . 2.The ship… crew consisted of foreign sailors. 3.These film... are Sam… and Frank… parents… . 4.They spent a week … holiday at the Barton… .

5. 
   Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
   

1.The oftener you visit the Hermitage, the more you like it. 2.Winter is the coldest season of the year. 3.Moscow today is 5 times as big as at the beginning of the 20^th century. 4.St. Petersburg is the second largest city after Moscow. 5.The St. Petersburg University is not so old as the Moscow or Kazan Universities.

5. 
   Раскройте скобки и поставьте прилагательные в нужную степень.
   

1.He is the (strong) boy in the whole school. 2.Which of the two men is (tall)? 3.Here is the (late) news. 4.He didn’t take the medicine yesterday and he feels (bad) today. 5.Who is your (good) friend? 6.There were (few) new words in this text and it took me (little) time to read it.

5. 
   Перепишите данные предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глагола и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите.
   

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1.In 1712 St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia. 2.For citizens of St. Petersburg the embankment of the Neva is one of the most beautiful places in the world. 3.St. Petersburg got its name in 1703. 4.I shan’t go out now as I have a lot of work to do. 5.They do their shopping every day.

5. 
   Перепишите и переведите приводимые ниже предложения. Поставьте их в отрицательную форму. Задайте общий и специальный вопрос к каждому предложению.
   

1.Tim does his morning exercises every day. (What?). 2.He always smokes before lunch. (When?) 3.Mary’s mother taught her how to cook. (Whom?) 4.Yesterday we spent a lot of money. (What?) 5.My sister will wear her new dress. (When?) 6.We shall join them later. (Why?)

5. 
   Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3-й абзац текста.
   

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Basic Solid-State Principles

In a conductor, electric current flow is a movement of free electrons. The outer or valence electrons of a good conductor are loosely bound to the atom. At room temperature the thermal energy causes approximately one

electron to detach from each atom and become free to move and result in a current flow when an electric potential is applied.

Insulators are materials in which outer electrons are tightly bound to the atom and no electrons are free to move. Thus, no current can flow when voltage is applied.

Between these two major categories is a class of materials called semiconductors. As the name implies, a semiconductor is a material with conductivity roughly midway between conductors and insulators. It is not just a poor conductor; it has two important properties. First, its resistance normally decreases with increase of temperature, while in conductors resistance slightly increases with temperature. Second, the flow of current in a semiconductor may be caused either by a flow of negative electrons or by a movement of missing sites in the opposite direction. If an atom has one outer electron missing, a loosely bound electron from a neighbouring atom can jump into it, leaving behind a new vacant site; this, in turn, can be filled by an electron from the third atom and so on. The impression is as if the vacant site has moved. Such vacant sites are called “holes” and since a negative electron is missing, the hole can be said to have a positive charge.

Semiconductor materials in which conduction is due to a flow of electrons are called n-type materials and those in which conduction is due to the movement of positive holes are called p-type.
Вариант 2

1. 
   Вставьте в предложения глагол to be в форме единственного или множественного числа is/are.
   

1.Where … the money? 2.His trousers … too large for him. 3.Mathematics … my poorest subject. 4.His savings … in the bank. 5.Those glasses … his.

2. 
   Употребите в данных предложениях личные местоимения.
   

1.This is my new coat. Look at … . 2.My uncle is old. He wants to live with … and my parents. 3.How is your nephew? Say “Hi” to … . 4.You are ill, Pete. We want to be with … in the evening. 5.Mary and I are good students, so our teacher likes … . 6.Linda isn’t here. Can I give … a message?

3. 
   Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями в простой или абсолютной форме.
   

1.I have a dog. The dog is … . 2.I have a piano in … room. 3.Tell him not to forget … paper, she must not forget …, either. 4.I managed to keep … books dry, but you got … wet, I see. 5.Sarah is dressed very well. Most of … clothes are expensive. 6.Jim has left. These cannot be … keys.

4. 
   Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений и наречий.
   

1.Some electronic devices find wide application in every house. 2.You will find this material nowhere but in the encyclopedia. 3.Something happened to my computer. It doesn’t work. 4.Any result in our experiment will be of great importance for the whole research. 5.If you have no money, you cannot buy anything. 6.She said nothing. 7.There was no one in the room.

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