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3. One more train named after a bird is Lastochka providing a great option to travel as it connects many important cities. These trains are also produced by Siemens using the platform of the Desiro RUS class and can reach speed of up to 160 km/h. Lightweight body structure of the train reduces energy consumption while intelligent control system and traction equipment contribute to improving energy efficiency and provide energy recovery during generator braking. Improved train concept allows to decrease maintenance and repair costs.
4. Strizh high-speed train was developed and adapted to Russian conditions by the Spanish machine-building concern Talgo. The Strizh can travel at up to 200 km/h and carry more than 400 passengers in 20 carriages. According to the contract, Russian Railways purchases only the carriages for the trains Strizh, but uses the Russian EP20 electric locomotive. When Strizh entered regular service on the Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod route the travel time between two cities was cut to three and a half hours.
B+ improvement
[8.5.25.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. The reasons of rail accidents
2. Rail safety on high speed lines
3. The problems of safety on railways
4. Safety requirements on railways
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is also vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
В + 3
[8.5.26.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. The broken axles and wheels are considered to be the most common type of rail accidents.
2. It is signalling that facilitates the flow of traffic and thereby increases the track carrying capacity.
3. From the very beginning of railways brakes were installed along the whole length of the rolling stock.
4. Within ever increasing speeds the problem of railway safety is becoming less significant.
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is also vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
В + 2
[8.5.27.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «Today, no railway is permitted to operate high speed trains unless they are fitted with automatic stop devices and cab signals»
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
B+4
[8.5.28.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «What did G. Westinghouse devise for trains?»
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
B+ brake
[8.5.29.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова (мн.ч.).
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
В+ оси
[8.5.30.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
В+ collide
[8.5.31.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
В+ have
B+ been
B+ developed
[8.5.32.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффиксов образуйте от выделенного глагола прилагательное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «неузнаваемый».
1. Safety is the main requirement to railway transportation. It begins with strong rules, regulations, standards and it is concerned with the protection of human life and property. This problem becomes especially important on account of ever increasing speeds. Serious accidents are considered to be train collisions or derailment of trains resulting in the death of at least one person, serious injuries to five or more persons or extensive damage. The factors mentioned below contribute a great deal to safety and increase carrying capacity of railways.
2. First of all safety is determined by track condition as broken rails are the most common type of accident precursors. To prevent this, track testing cars drive slowly along the lines showing the engineers where the track must be repaired and a lot of track maintenance machines are available to keep the line well serviced. Track buckles are the second prevalent cause of accidents while the number of broken wheels and axles is relatively small.
3. From the very beginning railway engineers paid much attention to the problem of stopping trains. Initially, the brakes were installed in the locomotives but later they were fitted on cars. The first really successful automatic air train brake was developed by G. Westinghouse. But rail safety depends on many other factors. Proper maintenance of railway vehicles is vital in ensuring that they continue to deliver safe performance.
4. Another aspect of railway safety is signalling. Under the block system, a colour light signal is placed in front of a block section and does not admit a train to this section if it is occupied by another one. But on high-speed railways, block signaling has disadvantages because the required length to stop a train severely decreases the line’s capacity. Also, signals become increasingly hard to spot and recognize at higher speeds. So several cab signaling systems have been developed to overcome those drawbacks.
B+ unrecognizable
[8.5.33.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. Oral business communication
2. Types of negotiating languages
3. Third party negotiators
4. The world of business
1. Primary negotiations are very often carried out over the phone. But important conversations concerning subjects of contracts such as prices, terms of payment and delivery, insurance, claims, arbitration are usually occurred at personal meetings. Nowadays the ability to negotiate is considered to be one of the most important skills in the world of business. Negotiations or talks are dialogs between two or more parties the main goal of which is reaching an understanding.
2. Third party negotiators are needed as a rule in cases when two sides cannot agree. However, negotiations can occur not only in business, government structures or non-profit organizations but also in personal daily life, for example when discussing such situations as marriage, divorce or parenting. In other words, negotiations are solution to avoid conflicts. In any way they consist of four phases including investigation, presentation, barging and closure.
3. Without the ability to talk people would break off relationships, quit jobs or could not avoid uncomfortable situations. During negotiations parties are inevitably faced with making a choice. It is incorrect to consider negotiating process as something like insisting or compromising as it may damage relationships between parties. Skilled negotiators are sensitive to linguistic signals as well as non-verbal facial expressions.
4. Languages differ according to the negotiation style, the most recognizable are cooperative and competitive styles. If the main principle is that both parties can gain something useful without harming the interest of each other, it is the cooperative style. Unfortunately, this style without a trace of competition is rare. In competitive negotiating every party see each other as opponents and the language is often hostile even if it remains formal.
В + 1
[8.5.34.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. The world of business is the only sphere where negotiating skills may be useful.
2. In order to reach an agreement third party is always needed.
3. Person’s behavior or gesture may show the type of negotiation mode he/she is in.
4. The first step in negotiations is presentation.
1. Primary negotiations are very often carried out over the phone. But important conversations concerning subjects of contracts such as prices, terms of payment and delivery, insurance, claims, arbitration are usually occurred at personal meetings. Nowadays the ability to negotiate is considered to be one of the most important skills in the world of business. Negotiations or talks are dialogs between two or more parties the main goal of which is reaching an understanding.
2. Third party negotiators are needed as a rule in cases when two sides cannot agree. However, negotiations can occur not only in business, government structures or non-profit organizations but also in personal daily life, for example when discussing such situations as marriage, divorce or parenting. In other words, negotiations are solution to avoid conflicts. In any way they consist of four phases including investigation, presentation, barging and closure.