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2. There are three types of marshaling yards: flat, gravitation and hump. In the first yard all movements of wagons are carried out with the help of engines. They are justified only where space is limited as two other types of yards require a greater area. In the gravitation yard the wagons move on their own accord and the movements are controlled with the wagon brake. A hump yard is one where the wagons are pushed up by the engine and gravitate down into various sidings.
3. A well laid marshaling yard is divided into three sets of sidings, namely: reception lines, sidings and departure lines. The number of sidings in the reception and departure lines depends on the number of goods trains to be marshaled, the time taken for sorting each train, the time required for inspecting wagons for possible defects and on the density of traffic on the main line. The departure lines are sometimes omitted if the line is not too busy.
4. The stopping of wagons rolling down a hump at the exact place presents some difficulty in hump and gravitation working. To facilitate this task automatic braking has recently been done by fixing retarders on either side of rail. These retarders are operated electrically or pneumatically, so they press against the sides of wheels and bring the wagons to a stop. Moreover, the electronic equipment has been introduced for marshaling yard operation.
В+ gravitate
[8.5.7.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения
1. Sorting of wagons according to the traffic requirements is not done at wayside stations but is concentrating at the distributing centers. For this purpose a marshaling yard is provided. It consists of a large number of tracks, connected with switches and so arranged that it can be used for sorting cars. Usually these yards are located in the outlying parts of the city where there is a plenty of room. Freight trains are usually distributed in such a manner that loaded and unloaded wagons are placed in the order of the stations at which they are to be detached.
2. There are three types of marshaling yards: flat, gravitation and hump. In the first yard all movements of wagons are carried out with the help of engines. They are justified only where space is limited as two other types of yards require a greater area. In the gravitation yard the wagons move on their own accord and the movements are controlled with the wagon brake. A hump yard is one where the wagons are pushed up by the engine and gravitate down into various sidings.
3. A well laid marshaling yard is divided into three sets of sidings, namely: reception lines, sidings and departure lines. The number of sidings in the reception and departure lines depends on the number of goods trains to be marshaled, the time taken for sorting each train, the time required for inspecting wagons for possible defects and on the density of traffic on the main line. The departure lines are sometimes omitted if the line is not too busy.
4. The stopping of wagons rolling down a hump at the exact place presents some difficulty in hump and gravitation working. To facilitate this task automatic braking has recently been done by fixing retarders on either side of rail. These retarders are operated electrically or pneumatically, so they press against the sides of wheels and bring the wagons to a stop. Moreover, the electronic equipment has been introduced for marshaling yard operation.
В+ has
B+ been
B+ done
[8.5.8.]
ВВОД
При помощи суффикса образуйте от выделенного глагола существительное так, чтобы на русском языке оно имело значение «перевозка».
1. Sorting of wagons according to the traffic requirements is not done at wayside stations but is concentrating at the distributing centers. For this purpose a marshaling yard is provided. It consists of a large number of tracks, connected with switches and so arranged that it can be used for sorting cars. Usually these yards are located in the outlying parts of the city where there is a plenty of room. Freight trains are usually distributed in such a manner that loaded and unloaded wagons are placed in the order of the stations at which they are to be detached.
2. There are three types of marshaling yards: flat, gravitation and hump. In the first yard all movements of wagons are carried out with the help of engines. They are justified only where space is limited as two other types of yards require a greater area. In the gravitation yard the wagons move on their own accord and the movements are controlled with the wagon brake. A hump yard is one where the wagons are pushed up by the engine and gravitate down into various sidings.
3. A well laid marshaling yard is divided into three sets of sidings, namely: reception lines, sidings and departure lines. The number of sidings in the reception and departure lines depends on the number of goods trains to be marshaled, the time taken for sorting each train, the time required for inspecting wagons for possible defects and on the density of traffic on the main line. The departure lines are sometimes omitted if the line is not too busy.
4. The stopping of wagons rolling down a hump at the exact place presents some difficulty in hump and gravitation working. To facilitate this task automatic braking has recently been done by fixing retarders on either side of rail. These retarders are operated electrically or pneumatically, so they press against the sides of wheels and bring the wagons to a stop. Moreover, the electronic equipment has been introduced for marshaling yard operation.
B+ carriage
[8.5.9.]
ВВОД
Впишите номер заголовка определяющего основную идею текста
1. The development of high speed traffic in Japan
2. Types of trains on Shinkansen lines
3. The Shinkansen railway network
4. The history of high speed traffic
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collision despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
В + 3
[8.5.10.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер предложения содержащего верную информацию.
1. All Shinkansen lines employ the same track for freight and passenger service.
2. Earthquakes have often been the reasons of train derailment on Shinkansen lines.
3. Because of motored axles the Shinkansen trains cannot make frequent stops on their routes.
4. Railways had no competitors concerning speed until airliners were developed.
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collision despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
В + 4
[8.5.11.]
ВВОД
Напишите цифрами номер абзаца, которому соответствует следующая информация «Most lines are served by multiple train categories ranging from the fastest category that stops only at major stations to the slowest category that stops at every station along the way»
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collision despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
B+4
[8.5.12.]
ВВОД
Сформулируйте одним словом и напишите ответ на вопрос согласно тексту «How are the trains making stops at every station called?»
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collision despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
B+ local
[8.5.13.]
ВВОД
Напишите перевод выделенного слова.
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or
collision despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
В+ столкновение
[8.5.14.]
ВВОД
Напишите глагол, от которого образовано выделенное слово.
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collisions despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.
В+ accelerate
[8.5.15.]
ВВОД
Найдите и выпишите сказуемое из выделенного предложения.
1. Railways were the first form of rapid land transportation and had an effective monopoly on long distance passenger traffic before the development of motor and air transport. Speed has always been an important factor for railways as they constantly try to achieve higher speeds and decrease journey times. A high speed train is a type of railway transport that runs significantly faster than traditional trains. They use an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks.
2. The first high speed rail system called Shinkansen was put into operation in Japan in 1964. Nowadays the Shinkansen railway network includes several lines that cover most of Japan and connect all the main cities. It is operated by Japan Railways Group with trains travelling up to 320 kilometers per hour. The oldest and most popular among the system of multiple Shinkansen network is the Tokaido line. It connects Tokyo with Kyoto and Osaka passing by Nagoya and its extension.
3. All Shinkansen lines run on tracks which have been exclusively constructed for high speed trains. Thus, it is not affected by slower local and freight trains and has the capacity to operate many high speed trains punctually. Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units having fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track due to the lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. A great proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration so the Shinkansen trains do not lose much time when stopping frequently.
4. There are fast trains, semi fast trains and local trains on each of the Shinkansen lines. The fast trains make stops only at main stations, semi fast trains make a few more stops and local trains stop at every station. For over the 50 years history with more than 10 billion passengers carried, there have been no passenger fatalities due to train accidents such as derailment or collisions despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons.