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Module I

Computers and Information Technology

Unit 1

Introduction to Computers

Unit 2

Computer Hardware

Unit 3

Computer Software

Unit 4 The Internet Vocabulary 1. create [krı'eıt] творить, создавать2. network ['netwɜ:k] (инфор.) сеть3. spread [spred] распространять(ся), простирать(ся) 4. share [ʃeə] делиться; поделиться5. transfer ['trænsfɜ:] перемещать, передавать6. backbone ['bækbəυn] главная опора; основа; суть7. maintain [meın'teın] (тех.) обслуживать; содержать в исправности8. provide [prə'vaıd] предоставлять (услуги), давать9. provider (информ.) провайдер, поставщик информационных и коммуникационных услуг10. browse [braυz] просмотреть11. browse facility [fə'sılətı] (компьют.) средство просмотра12. feature ['fi:tʃə] (компьют.) функция, функциональность, опция, (сленг) фича (у программного продукта, системы)13. surf the Internet [sɜ:f] «путешествовать» по Интернету (тж. surf the net)14. etiquette ['etıket] этикетпрофессиональная этика15. netiquette ['netıket] (информ.) сетевой этикет16. flood (with spam) [flʌd] засыпать; заваливать(спамом)17. evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] оценивать4.1. How would you describe what the Internet is? Discuss it with your partner.4.2. Match the terms and their definitions.a) Internet b) World Wide Web c) e-mail1. A global network connecting millions of computers. 2. The transmission of messages over communications networks. 3. A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. 4.3. Now read the text and try to describe the Internet again using the key vocabulary in bold type.Believe it or not, the Internet was created way back in 1969, during the Cold War, by the United States military. It was meant to be a "nuke-proof"(1) communications network. Today, the Internet spreads across the globe and consists of countless networks and computers, allowing millions of people to share information. Data that travels long distances on the Internet is transferred on huge lines known collectively as the Internet backbone. The Internet is now maintained by the Internet service pro-viders.Many people think the Internet and the World Wide Web are the same thing. They're not! The World Wide Web is what you are browse. It is one of the many features of the Internet. E-mail, FTP(2), and Instant Messaging (3) are also features of the Internet.(http://www.sharpened.net)(1) "nuke-proof" устойчивый к воздействию ядерного оружия(2) FTP File Transfer Protocol протокол передачи файлов (используемый в Internet протокол передачи файлов между хост-компьютерами)(3) Instant Messaging система мгновенной передачи текстовых сооб-щений4.4. Interview your partners if they surf the Internet. Use the questions given below. Do you often surf the Internet? Which websites do you usually visit? Do you download any programs from the Internet? If so, what are they? Do you belong to any chat forum? Why? / Why not? What feature of the Internet do you consider the most attractive? Why? What is netiquette? 4.5. Read the passage below and think if you always follow the netiquette. Why? / Why not? Discuss it with your partner.Netiquette, or net etiquette, refers to etiquette on the Internet. Good netiquette involves respecting others' privacy and not doing anything online that will annoy or frustrate other people. Three areas where good netiquette is highly stressed are e-mail, online chat, and newsgroups. For example, people that spam other users with unwanted e-mails or flood them with messages have very bad netiquette. You don't want to be one of those people. If you're new to a newsgroup or online chat room, it may help to observe how people communicate with each other before jumping in.4.6.Think of good and bad points of the Internet and fill in the table. You can work either individually or in pairs. Advantages of the Internet Disadvantages of the Internet 4.7. Read Text A, compare your ideas with information given, and extend the table. How many advantages/disadvantages are there in your table? First, study the vocabulary you may need to understand the text.mankind [mæn'kaɪnd] (n) 1) человечество; человеческий род ['mænkaɪnd] 2) мужчины, мужской полmagnitude ['mæɡnɪtju:d] (n) 1) величина, paзмеры, 2) важность; значимостьoutweigh [̗aυt'weɪ] (v) быть тяжелее, превосходить в весеwealth [welθ] (n) изобилие, избытокtarget ['tɑ:ɡɪt] (n) цельadvent ['ædvent] (n) наступление (какой-л. эпохи, какого-л. события), available [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся в распоряжении, entertainment [̗entə'teɪnmənt] (n) развлечение; зрелищное мероприятиеnumerous ['nju:mǝrəs] (adj) многочисленныйavailable [ə'veɪləbl] (adj) доступный; имеющийся в распоряженииtheft [θeft] (n) воровство, кражаobstruct [əb'strʌkt] (v) препятствовать, затруднять, мешатьprone (adj) подверженный (чему-л.)TEXT AAdvantages and Disadvantages of the InternetThe Internet has been perhaps the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, the Internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. But usually, greater magnitude of advantages outweighs its disadvantages. Today the Internet has brought a globe in a single room. Right from news across the corner of the world, wealth of information to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favourite movie.Advantages CommunicationThe main target of the Internet has always been the communication. By the advent of the Internet, our earth has become a global village. Now we can communicate with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world.Information Information is probably the biggest advantage the Internet offers. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use the Internet for research purpose of gathering resources. Entertainment Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the entertainments. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet. Services Many services are now provided on the Internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets. Often these services are not available off-line or can cost you more. E-Commerce It has got a really amazing and wide range of products from technology to household needs. Disadvantages Theft of personal information If you use the Internet, you may be facing danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card number, etc. can be accessed and used by a criminal.SpammingSpamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails, which provide no purpose and obstruct the entire system. Virus threat Computers attached to the Internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk. PornographyThis is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life. (http://www.buzzle.com)4.8. Match the words below to make word partners.1. global a. chat rooms2. surf b. privacy3. visit c. danger4. download d. village5. household e. needs6. face f. disk7. hard g. the Internet8. respect h. games4.9. Now use the word partners to complete these sentences. McLuhan believes that the world is rapidly becoming a ________, in which mankind is interconnected by contemporary technology, especially television and the world wide web. This method will allow you to _________ without leaving any information about what browser you're using, which computer system you have. Many people who ________ use them as a place to discuss their problems and get a kind of a support. People of all ages visit special free sites to safely ___________ of high quality. You are not computer addict, so low-powered computer is suitable for all your _________. How does computer software usually react when it ________ of virus attack? _____ can store anywhere from 20MB to more than 200GB. Sites like Facebook must ___________. They should not tell my friends what I buy on other sites. 4.10. Analyse the “-ing” form words in bold type in Text A. Are they gerunds? Why/Why not?Do you know that…? Because a gerund (base form of VERB+ -ing) acts as a noun, it can be used after prepositions, too. (e.g. That computer programmer is famous for spilling coffee into his keyboard. Complete the sentences, using gerund.1. He never thought of ____.2. This student is very clever at _____.3. I don’t insist on ____.4. We were tired of _____.5. Did you succeed in ____?6. Who is responsible for ____?7. They were grateful for ____.8. He had some difficulty in ____.Now give your own examples.4.11. Work in pairs or in small groups. Discuss if you always trust the information from the Internet? Why/Why not?Now skim Text B and say what the main idea of the text is.4.12. Read Text B and give your ideas on what could help Zack to understand that Professor Butz's Web page wasn't a reliable source of information?(To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)TEXT BThe Web – Teaching Zack to ThinkAs more and more students access the Internet for research, it's important that they learn how to validate online information. The Internet is a place where you can find "proof" of almost any belief system that you can imagine. And, for too many students, "If it's on the Internet, it must be true."The following story is also true.Fourteen-year-old Zack was asked to research a unique topic for his history class. Zack knew a bit about using reliable sources on the Internet, so when he found some information on a Web page on the US Northwestern University site he felt sure that he had found a reliable source of information for his project. The topic was unique too–Holocaust Revisionism–Zack had never heard of that before, so he decided to write his history paper on "How the Holocaust Never Happened."Zack found his "information" from a Web page at http://pubweb. northwestern.edu/abutz/ (no longer at this URL), titled "Home Web Page of Arthur R. Butz." On his low-key home page, Butz explained that he wrote "A short introduction to the study of Holocaust revisionism" and that his material was intended for "advanced students of Holocaust revisionism." At the top of the page Butz identified himself as "Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University». His article began with the following: “I see principal reasons for the widespread but erroneous belief in the legend of millions of Jews killed by the Germans during World War II: During both world wars Germany was forced to fight typhus… That was one of the main reasons for a high death rate in the camps, and the crematoria... Look at the above situation from the perspective of a 14-year-old, untrained to think critically about information. He's researching the Holocaust, and suddenly finds this Web page. His teacher told him to find a unique topic, and this certainly fit the bill. The page is simple and clear. It's written in a calm, logical tone. The page is clearly intended for experts in its field. Best of all is the source: Northwestern University! And a professor to boot! Perfect. validate ['vælɪdeɪt] v проверять достоверностьproof [pru:f] (n) доказательствоbelief [bɪ'li:f] (n) убеждение, мнение; вераreliable [rɪ'laɪ əbl] (adj) заслуживающий доверия, достоверныйreliable information – достоверные сведенияreliable source – достоверный, надежный источникlow-key (adj) 1) неброский; сдержанный2) гамма тёмных тоновin a lowkey – в тёмных тонах Associate Professor доцент университетаwidespread ['waɪdspred] (adj) широко распространённыйerroneous [ɪ'rəυnɪəs] (adj) ложный; ошибочный;typhus ['taɪfəs] (n) сыпной тифfit the bill отвечать всем требованиямto boot к общей пользе; вдобавок; к тому же4.13. Now read Text C and check your ideas. (To understand the text better use the vocabulary given below.)TEXT CThinking about What We've FoundThe fact is that students increasingly depend on the Internet for information, so it's important that they develop ways to evaluate their findings. Zack could have used some, or all, of the following techniques to decide whether the site was a reliable source for information.PurposeTry to determine a Web site's purpose. What is it trying to do? Why was it created? Most Web sites are designed to sell services and products, present information, put ideas forward, or entertain. Many sites do several of these at once.A Web site's purpose will not always be clear. Look at Butz's site. His purpose is surely advocacy, although he comes across as an objective information provider, especially in the closing sentence of his article: "Surely any thoughtful person must be skeptical." Would a 14-year-old know how to distinguish between objective information and propaganda?Understand the purpose(s) of a Web site, and that those purpose(s) may not be entirely obvious. Author The next step in validation involves the site's author. We all know that it's easy to fool people. Many people will believe someone if he or she sounds authoritative. Butz is a professor, sure, but he's an Engineering professor. How does that qualify him to speak as an expert on the Holocaust? It doesn't. But people see "Professor" and take what he says seriously.Zack didn't know anything about Butz, but could have researched his background. If Zack ran a search for "Arthur Butz," on the search engine Google, he would find Butz's name on a page titled "Holocaust Deniers" at the Web site for the anti-hate organization HateWatch (http://www.spl-center.org/intel/hatewatch/). Similarly, Zack would find Butz's article at a second hate directory site listed under "A Guide to Hate Groups on the Internet: Hate Books, Newsletters and Articles". Zack would find Butz mentioned negatively in a March 1998 USA Today article titled, "College anti-Semitism on the rise, according to new report." Zack would also find Butz's book described as popular among "anti-Semites" in a review of Deborah Lipstadt's book Denying the Holocaust.If Zack had run this multi-search on Butz, he would have seen how other people categorize Butz' work.Establish the credibility of the author. Meta-Web Information Meta-Web information validates Web pages solely within the context of other Web pages.Let's start with the URL, or address, of a Web page. You need to know when they're accessing a personal home page. Most Internet Service Providers give their subscribers a few megabytes of free space on a Web server to use as they want.Here are two sample URLs: and stefan/>. An experienced Web user knows that both URLs point to personal home pages.In the first example, the word "users" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through cdsinet.net. In the second example, focus on the . A tilde () indicates a Web site that has been created by someone given space on a Web server. "stefan" is the user name of someone who accesses the Internet through icon-stl.net.Knowing the above, if Zack had looked at Butz's URL - abutz/index.html> – he'd have seen the , an indicator that this is a personal Web site. Just as Zack can know something about individuals by their clothing, he can learn about a Web site by looking at its URL. Clothing tells us a lot, but the company a person keeps tells us more. Learning how a Web page interacts within the network of all other Web sites is valuable information.Meta-information sources.It is always a good idea to look beyond the Internet for sources of authentic information.evaluate [ɪ'væljυeɪt] (v) оценивать; определять количество, качество и т. п.technique [tek'ni:k] (n) метод; способdetermine [dɪ'tɜ:mɪn] (v) определять; устанавливатьentertain [̗entə'teɪn] (v) развлекать, заниматьadvocacy ['ædvəkəsɪ] (n) 1) защита2) пропаганда (взглядов и т. п.)distinguish [dɪ'stɪŋɡwɪʃ] (v) различать, распознаватьauthoritative [ɔ:'θɒrɪtətɪv] (adj) авторитетный; надёжныйdeny [dɪ'naɪ] (v) отрицать, отвергатьdenier тот, кто что-либо отвергаетcredibility [̗krədə'bɪlətɪ] (n) вероятность, правдоподобиеexperienced [ɪk'spɪərɪənst] опытный, знающийtilde ['tɪldə] (n) (полигр.) тильда (tilde)beyond [bɪ'jɒnd] (prep) за; по ту сторону, внеauthentic [ɔ:'θentɪk] (a) 1) подлинный, аутентичный2) достоверный, верный4.14. Translate the text into English and then finish it. Use the vocabulary from the Texts B,C.Все большее количество студентов используют Интернет как источник информации для своих исследований. Сегодня в Интернете можно найти доказательства любых идей, которые могут прийти вам в голову. А ведь многие считают ту информацию, которая представлена в Интернете вполне достоверной. Но это не так. Поэтому очень важно научиться оценивать достоверность такой информации. Для того чтобы определить является ли сайт надежным источником информации, можно использовать несколько методов: ___________4.15. Write a list of recommendations to help students critically evaluate the reliability of a Web site.4.16. Do the crossword.1. Electronic messages sent to someone over the Internet. 2. Copy information from a web site to your own computer.3. The place on the Internet where a company/organization/etc stores its documents. 4. A system linking millions of documents stored on Internet computers around the world.5. Move form one document or web site to another, to find information.6. Text, image or button that connects to other destination on the web.7. A device that makes connecting to the Internet possible.8. A group of computers joined together. 9. Now provide your own definition. 9 1 o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   15

Module II

Fundamentals of Engineering

Unit 5

Engineering

Unit 6

Engineering Materials

Unit 7

Nanotechnology

Unit 8

Robotics

Unit 9

My Faculty

Module III

Job-hunting

Unit 10

Finding a Job

Unit 11

Making a Choice

Unit 12

Working Life

Unit 13

Employment

Unit 14

A Job Interview. CV. A Letter of Application

References



Model 1

Copper does not rust.

Copper corrodes.

(a + b) Copper does not rust; howeverit corrodes.

Model 2

Cast iron is a brittle metal.

Cast iron is not used to withstand impact loads.

(a + b) Cast iron is a brittle metal, thereforeit is not used to withstand impact loads.

Model 3

Titanium is used for aircraft frames.

Titanium is light and strong.

(a + b) Titanium is used for aircraft frames becauseit is light and strong.

  1. Chromium resists corrosion. Chromium is added to steels to make them rust-proof.

  2. Manganese steel is very hard. Manganese steel is used for armour plate.

  3. Bronze has a low coefficient of friction. Bronze is used to make bearings.

  4. Nylon is used to make fibres and gears. Nylon is tough and has a low coefficient of friction.

  5. Tin is used to coat other metals to protect them. Tin resists corrosion.

  6. Tin is expensive. The coats of tin applied to other metals are very thin.

  7. Stainless steels require little maintenance and have a high strength. Stainless steels are expensive and difficult to machine at high speeds.

  8. Nickel, cobalt and chromium improve the properties of metals. Nickel, cobalt and chromium are added to steels.


6.11. Join the following sentences into one using the connectors in brackets. You may omit or replace any parts if that is necessary to retain the structure of an English sentence.

Model:

because/and/however

Plastics are used widely in engineering. They are cheap. They have resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Plastics are not particularly strong.

Plastics are used widely in engineering becausethey are cheap and have resistance to atmospheric corrosion; however, they are not particularly strong.

  1. and: There are two types of plastics. Thermoplastics are plastics. Thermosets are plastics.

  2. and/whereas /and: Thermoplastics will soften when heated. Thermoplastics will harden when cooled. Thermosets set on heating. Thermosets will not remelt.

  3. from/to: Plastics are used to make a great variety of products. Plastics are used to make textiles. Plastics are used to make engineering components.

  4. such as: Plastics are available in many forms. Plastics are available in the form of sheets, tubes, rods, moulding powders and resins.

  5. to: Various methods are used. These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. Compression moulding is a common method. Compression moulding is used for shaping thermosets.

  6. with/which: The equipment consists of a press. The press has two heated platens. The two heated platens carry an upper and a lower mould.

  7. then: Powder is placed in the lower mould. This is moulding powder. The upper mould is pressed down on the lower mould.

  8. to/which: The pressure and the heat change the powder. The powder becomes liquid plastic. The liquid plastic fills the space between the moulds.

  9. when/and: The chemical changes have taken place. The mould is opened. The moulding is extracted.

  10. by: Plastic bowls are made. The compression moulding method is used.


6.12. Translate into English.

  1. Как металлы, так и неметаллы обладают определенными свойствами, обусловливающими их пригодность для использования в конкретных целях.

  2. Хром может быть добавлен в сталь для повышения качества режущей кромки.

  3. На определенной стадии производства пластмассы жидкие, но в готовых изделиях они твердые.

  4. Материалы с низким коэффициентом трения используются для изготовления подшипников.

  5. Устойчивые к коррозии материалы используются в качестве защитного покрытия для металлов.

  6. Метод компрессионного формования используется для изготовления различных изделий из порошков.


6.13. What are the properties and uses of metals? Fill in the appropriate part of the table.

Materials
Properties
Uses

Metals






Non-metals






Now listen to the text and add new information to your notes.
6.14. Make a list of properties of non-metals keeping in mind that they are opposite to the properties of metals.

Listen to the text about non-metals and complete the table. What are metalloids?
6.15. Read the information in the table and find out which material (1-10) is best for:

a) water pipes

b) a knife for cutting a microscope lens

c) connecting a socket to the electricity supply

d) a bicycle frame

e) television casing
Material
Properties
Uses

1
aluminium
light, easy to shape
aircraft, window
and door frames, cooking foil

2
brass

doesn't rust in contact with air and water, strong
valves, taps

3
cement
mixed with water it dries to
a hard material
pre-made building blocks, to hold bricks together

4
copper
easily made into wire, carries electricity well
electrical wire, tubing

5
diamond
hardest natural material, can cut glass and metal
industrial cutting and grinding

6
glass
clear, hard, breaks easily
windows, bottles

Окончание таблицы
Material
Properties
Uses

7
iron
hard
engineering

8
mild steel (iron + 0.15–0.3% carbon)
hard, strong, quite easy to shape
bridges, ships, cars

9
optical fibre
carries light and coded messages
lighting, cable TV, telecommunications

10
plastic
light, strong, easy to shape
hard hats, telephones, boats, computer casing


6.16. Discuss with a partner the following:

What properties should materials used in medicine have? Why?
6.17. Listen to the dialogue about materials used for body implants and answer the following questions:


1. What properties are important for them?

2. Which of them have been included in your list?

3. Which materials were recommended? Why?
6.18. Translate the text into Russian. Answer the question after the text.

Composite Ceramics

Advanced ceramic materials have such interesting properties that mechanical engineers are becoming more and more interested in their use as structural parts.

Ceramic cutting tools have been in use for some time. However, it is only during the last twenty years that there has been rapid development in this field because of the development of new composite ceramics.

Composite materials are materials in which two or more different substances, such as metals, ceramics, glasses, or polymers are combined without chemical reaction. As a result one can produce a material with properties different from those of any of the individual constituents. The constituents of a composite would retain their individual characteristics.

Recently engineers have developed various kinds of composite ceramics which must combine an increased toughness with the same hardness and strength of usual ceramics. A promising recent development is the addition of a tiny quantity of metal to increase toughness and tool life. Thus, at room and high temperatures (1000°C) the composite ceramics for cutting tools should possess the following properties: high strength, high toughness, high hardness, high thermal shock resistance and high chemical inertness.
Where can materials with such properties be used?


6.19. Make a short presentation of a material widely used in the field you specialize in. Your presentation should include information about the following:

  1. When people began using the material. If it is a synthetic material, who and when obtained it first.

  2. Properties of the material relevant to the sphere of use described.

  3. Uses of the material in the field of your specialization.


6.20. Read the sentences (1-3) below. What does the word smart mean in each one?

  1. He wore a smart suit to the meeting.

  2. She's the smartestgirl in her class.

  3. They stayed in a smarthotel in New York.


6.21. Look at the title of the text. Which of the meanings of the wordsmart is used? Read the text to check your answer.

Smart Materials

Smart – or shape memory – materials are an invention that has changed the world of engineering. There are two types: metal alloys and plastic polymers. The metal alloys were made first and they are usually an expensive mixture of titanium and nickel.

Shape memory materials are called 'smart' because they react to changes in their environment, for example:

  • plastics that return to their original shape when the temperature changes. One use is in surgery where plastic threads 'remember' the shape of a knot, react to the patient's body temperature and make themselves into stitches.

  • metal alloys that have a 'memory' and can return to their original shape. They are used in medical implants that are compressed so they can be put inside the patient's body through a small cut. The implant then expands back to its original shape. More everyday uses are for flexible spectacle frames and teeth braces, solids that darken in sunlight, like the lenses in some sunglasses.

  • liquid crystals that change shape and colour. These have been used in climbing ropes that change colour if there is too much strain and weight on them.

The future of these materials and their possible uses is limited only by human imagination. One clever idea is that if cars were made of smart metal, a minor accident could be repaired by leaving the car in the sun!
6.22. Read the text again and choose the correct ending for the sentences below.

1. Smart materials change when

a) the weather changes.

b) something affects them.

c) the light is switched on.

d) they are put into a human body.

2. Plastic threads are used for

a) tying.

b) sewing.

c) knitting.

d) stitching.

3. Medical implants made from shape memory alloys are good because

a) they save lives.

b) they change colour.


c) they are easy to put in.

d) they react to changes in temperature.

4. Climbing ropes with liquid crystals change colour to

a) warn you.

b) amuse you.

c) make you heavy.

d) make you different from other climbers.
6.23. Find in the text words that mean the following:

  1. materials made from mixing two metals

  2. to change because something else happens

  3. everything around a person or thing

  4. the first or earliest

  5. something medical put inside the body, e.g. a heart valve

  6. to become bigger

  7. that can bend or be bent easily

  8. a situation in which something is holding weight and so might break

  9. the ability to form pictures or ideas in your mind

  10. small and not very important or serious


6.24. Think of a smart material that could be used in the field of your specialization. Discuss your ideas with a partner.
6.25. Fill in the table with the words from the list. Which of them are derived from other words? Which of them have their own derivatives? What are they?

alloy, brass, brittle, bronze, cast iron, ceramic, corrode, diamond, ductile, durable, fibre, flexible, harden, knot, melt, nylon, opaque, platen, powder, resin, resist, rigid, rod, rust, set, soften, steel, stitch, strong, thermoset, thread, tough, transparent, tube, undergo, weak, wire, withstand

material
property
shape
verb














6.26. Fill in the gaps choosing one of the words in brackets

Plastics

Plastics are usually produced by synthesis from such natural materials as water, air, salt, coal, and natural gas. The technology is simple and cheap. While (1) _____ (solid, cheap, uniform) in finished state, plastics are liquid at some stage of manufacture, and it is easy to form plastics into various shapes. Plastics are different in (2) _____ (hardness, properties, needs), characteristics and (3) _____ (pressure, application, thermosets). Plastics are (4) _____ (reliable, available, thermoplastics), (5) _____ (expensive, cheap, structural), durable. Plastics resist (6) _____ (weight, strength, corrosion). Plastics are machined like (7) _____ (metals, ceramics, carbon).

Their (8) _____ (lightness, high weight, colour), strength, hardness, chemical resistance,(9) _____ (colour, durability, application) make it possible to use plastics in electric and electronic equipment, transportation, agriculture, etc.

The application of plastics is (10) _____ (achieving, satisfying, calling for) the requirements of all industries. There is no industry now where plastics are not used.
6.27. Answer the following questions:

1. What materials are usually used to build bridges?

2. What properties are important for such materials?
6.28. Listen to the text ‘Experimental Bridge’ and complete your answers if there is any new information in the text. Why is the bridge experimental?
6.29. Listen again. What do the following numbers refer to?

32 ft; 80 ft; 10 ft; 4 ft; 2 months; 12,000 lb; 9,000 lb
6.30. Answer the following questions:

  1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this experimental bridge?

  2. Do you think the material used for constructing it could be used for this purpose?


6.31. Think of a material used in everyday life and answer the following questions:

  1. What are the properties of this material?

  2. Why is it used this way?

  3. Could it be used somewhere else?


6.32. Design a project where a widespread material is used unusually, like paper for constructing bridges. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using this material for the purpose.

Unit 7

Nanotechnology

Vocabulary

1. arbitrary (adj) [´ä:bıtrәri] произвольный, случайный

2. artificial (adj) [‚ä:tı´fı∫l] искусственный

3. assemble (v) [ә´sembl] собирать, монтировать

assembly (n) [ә´sembli] монтаж, сборка; агрегат

4. bond (v) [bãnd] быть крепко связанным (с чем-то)

5. breakthrough (n) [´breıkθru:] прорыв

6. carry out (v) [´kærı] выполнять

7. charge (n, v) заряд; заряжать

recharge (v) [ri:´t∫ä:dž] перезаряжать

8. compose (v) [kәm´pә|z] составлять

9. compound (n) [´kãmpa|nd] (химическое) соединение

10. consider (v) [kәn´sıdә] рассматривать, обдумывать,

учитывать

11. consist of (v) [kәn´sıst] состоять из

12. dent (n) выбоина, вмятина

13. devote attention (v) [dı´vә|t ә´ten∫n] уделять внимание

14. dimension (n) [daı´men∫n] размеры, величина

15. drug (n) [dršg] лекарство

16. enhance (v) [ın´hä:ns] увеличивать, усиливать,

улучшать

17. equal (adj) [´i:kwәl] равный

18. extremely (adv) [ıks´tri:mli] чрезвычайно, в высшей степени

19. fabric (n) [´fæbrık] ткань, материал

20. grasp (v) [grä:sp] постичь, понять

21. impact (n) [´ımpækt] сильное воздействие, влияние

22. improve (v) [ım´pru:v] улучшать

23. internal (adj) [ın´tî:nl] внутренний

24. observe (v) [әb´zî:v] наблюдать, замечать

25. occur (v) [ә´kî:] встречаться, попадаться

26. operate (v) [´ãpә‚reıt] работать, действовать,

функционировать

27. performance (n) [pә´fé:mәns] выполнение, работа

28. pill (n) пилюля, таблетка

29. stain (n) пятно

30. profound (adj) [prә´fa|nd] сильный, глубокий

31. range (n, v) [reındž] диапазон; колебаться

в известных пределах

32. refer (v) [rı´fî:] относить(ся) (к какому-либо

классу); говорить,

упоминать (о чем-либо)

33. remove (v) [rı´mu:v] удалять, устранять

34. repellent (adj) [rı´pelәnt] отталкивающий,

отбрасывающий

35. replace (v) [rı´pleıs] заменять

36. ribbon (n) [´rıbәn] лента

37. roughly (adv) [´ršfli] приблизительно

38. scale (n) [skeıl] шкала, масштаб, размер

39. scratch (n, v) [skræt∫] царапина; царапать

40. surface (n) [´sî:fıs] поверхность

41. throughout (prep) [θru:´aut] повсюду, на всем протяжении
7.1. What is nanotechnology? Try to guess from the meaning of the parts of the word.

centi means ‘one hundredth’, so 1 centimeter equals one hundredth of a meter. Match these prefixes and their meanings to learn what the prefix nano means.

1. giga

2. kilo

3. mega

4. micro

5. milli

6. nano
b) one thousand

c) one million

d) one billion

e) one billionth

f) one millionth

g) one thousandth


7.2. Read the words and try to guess what they mean.

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