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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
by accident - случайно
by car/train/- машиной/поездом
by chance – случайно
by hand - вручную
by half – слишком
by heart - наизусть
by fax/post – факсом / почтой
by mistake – поошибке
byname – по имени
ondeck – на палубе
on foot - пешком
on one’s mind – науме
onsale – в продаже
ongood/bad/ terms – в хороших/плохих отношениях
on/in time - вовремя
in advance - заранее
inbed – в постели
incourt – в суде
infact – на самом деле
in future вбудущем
in half - пополам
in mind – впамяти
in private – лично, приватно
athome/work – дома / на работе
at hand – подрукой
at first sight – спервоговзгляда
at last - наконец
at once - сразу
atpresent - сейчас
atsea – в море; в растерянности
Что касается употребления артиклей с именами собственными, объяснять их смысла нет, нужно прочитать правила и запомнить их. Хотя какие-то правила все же прослеживаются, особенно если название состоит не из одного слова. Например, если название имеет конструкцию b of a, то перед первым существительным обязательно будет определенный артикль (TheTowerofLondon, TheUnitedSatesofAmerica). То же самое в том случае, если название состоит из прилагательного + существительное (theBritishMuseum, theNationalGallery). А если название имеет форму ab, то артикли, как правило, отсутствуют (TrafalgarSquare, BuckinghamPalace).
Что же касается однословных названий, то можно сразу запомнить, что вся вода (реки, моря, океаны, озера) любит артикль.
А вот суша артикль не любит (горы, острова, города, страны).
АРТИКЛИ С ИМЕНАМИ СОБСТВЕННЫМИ
НАЗВАНИЯ | THE | - |
1. Части света, континенты, страны, регионы, города, деревни | Если в названии государства есть нарицательное существительное: theRussianFederation, theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Irish Republic; А также названия стран во мн.ч.: the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates; названия регионов, областей, некоторых городов: the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Far East, the Riviera, the Midlands, the Lake District, the Middle East, the Ruhr, the Tyrol, the Hague | Europe, Asia, Australia, North(South) America, Africa, Russia, Italy, England, Latin America, South-East Asia, Northern Africa, Southern France, Moscow, Rome, London, Dubrovo, Peredelkino |
2. Океаны, моря, проливы, каналы, реки, озера, водопады, полуострова | the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Volga, the Mississipi, the Thames (the River Thames), the Baikal, the Seliger, the English Channel, the Gulf Stream, the Panama Canal, the Swallow Falls, (the) Niagara Falls | Но: Lake Baikal, Lake Seliger Но: заливы и полуострова – без артикля: Hudson Bay, Kamchatka, Taimyr, Scandinavia Сравните: Kola – the Kola Peninsula |
3. Горные цепи, группы островов | the Urals, the Alps, the Rocky Mountains (the Rockies), the Himalayas, the Andes, the Canaries, the British Isles, the Kurilas, the West Indies | Но: названия горных вершин и отдельных островов – без артикля: Elbrus, Everest, Vesuvius, Poklonaya Gora, Cuba, Cyprus, Haiti, Easter Island Запомните:Bermuda / the Bermuda Triangle |
4. Пустыни | the Gobi, the Sakhara Desert, the Kara-Kum, the Kalahari | |
5. Улицы, площади, переулки, парки | (the) High Street, the Mall, the Strand (улицы в Лондоне) | Tverskaya Street, Regent Street, Fifth Avenue, Charing Cross Road, Park Lane, Manezh quare, Trafalgar Square, Corky Park, Hyde Park, Jurassic Park |
6. Театры, концертные залы, музеи, галереи, кинотеатры, отели, дворцы, рестораны, кафе, бары | the Bolshoi Theatre, the Art Theatre, the Chaikovsky Hall, the Opera House, the Hermitage, the National Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Louvre, the Pushkinsky, the Kodak, the Odeon, the Ritz, the Continental, (the) President Hotel, the Winter Palace, the Taj Mahal, the Savoy, the Three Oaks, the Big Bite, the Talk of the Town | Covent Garden, Grand Opera, Buckingham Palace, Maxim’s, Vadim’s |
7. Известные произведения искусства, уникальные книги | the Great Pyramid, the Mona Liza, the Sistine Chapel, the Moonlight Sonata, the Bible, the Koran, the Domesday Book (in England) | |
8. Аэропорты, станции, мосты | the Brooklyn Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Bridge of Sighs | Heathrow (Airport), Vnukovo (Airport), Victoria station, Taganskaya Station, Tower Bridge, Waterloo Bridge, Krymsky Bridge |
9. Школы, колледжи, университеты | Запомните: the Sorbonne the University of London the University of Chicago | Richmond Grammar School, Carnegi College, Oxford University, Moscow University London University Chicago University |
10. Церкви, соборы, приходы | | Trinity Church, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Westminster Abbey |
11. Корабли, паромы, яхты, известные поезда | the Magnolia, the Victoria, (the) Titanic, the Beautiful Dreamer, the Orient Express | |
12. Политические и гос. учреждения, организации, партии,исторические события | the Senate, the State Duma, the Cabinet, the Supreme Court, the Government, the British Council, the Pentagon, the Democratic Party, the Second World War, the Gulf war | НО: Parliament, Congress, Whitehall |
13. Газеты, журналы, периодика | (английские и американские) the Times, the Observer, the Financial Times, the Sun, the Star, the Spectator, the New Yorker, the American Scientist | (российские) Arguments and Facts, Moscow News, Economist, Newsweek, Playboy |
14. Спортивные события | the Olympic Games, the World Cup, the World Championship | Но: Wimbledon(теннис) |
15. Музыкальные группы | the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Spice Girls (если сущ. во мн.ч.) | Но: Queen, Abba, Gorky Park |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 44
Потренируемся?
* R. Murphy units 70– 77
* A.J. Thompson, A.V. Martinet exercises 1-4
Упражнение 1. Это упражнение поможет вам освоиться с основными функциями артиклей – классифицирующей и маркирующей. В следующих парах предложений попробуйте различить их, поставив в пропуски a(n) или the.
-
__ afternoon was fine. – It was __ fine afternoon. -
Susan is __ bright girl. – __ girl smiled at me and waved me good-bye. -
I’ve bought myself __ new shirt. – __ shirt is all dirty. -
__ piano was in the left corner of the room – There was __ piano in the left corner of the room. -
__ new manager is very young. – Our firm needs __ new manager. -
We had __ drinking competition at the club last night. – ___ drinking competition we had last night was a fun. -
__ angel spread his wings and flew away. – Before we were married you called me __ angel. -
Father bought his little son __ new toy car. – What did your father say when you smashed __ new car? -
___ woman is my aunt. – Underneath every successful man there is __ woman. -
The hardest five years in __ woman’s life were between thirty and thirty-five. – The longest five years in __ woman’s life are between twenty-nine and thirty. -
Don’t you see __ sign? – At the end of the road we saw __ sign. -
Mr. Pitt is an honorable man, __ professor. – __ professor tapped on his desk and shouted: ‘Gentlemen, order!’. The entire class yelled: ‘Beer!’ -
__ girl was dressed in a silk dress. – Nowadays __ girl wears less in the street than her grandmother did in bed. -
Once __ cat was walking in the yard and saw a squirrel. – Where is __ cat? I can’t find him. -
__ dog keeps jumping on my lap. – The only Ben’s dream was to have __ dog.
Упражнение 2. Поставьте в пропуски неопределенный артикль в значении единицы или определенный артикль в присущем ему маркирующем значении.
-
Henry is paid __ hundred __ week. – __ hundred I was paid last week is coming to an end. -
We write dictations twice __ month. – I swear, this was __ hardest month in my life. -
She left without saying __ word. – What does __ word mean? I’ve never met it before. -
__ cloud drew nearer and nearer. – There wasn’t __ single cloud in the sky. -
Patients are not allowed to walk around during __ silent hour. – I’ll come back in __ hour. -
I came across fresh strawberries at the market and bought __ pound. – You will find __ pound of apples I bought yesterday in the fridge. -
__ hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. – __ reception hour is from 12.00 till 13.00. -
I ordered only __ salad. – __ salad consisted of tomatoes and cucumbers with sour cream. -
Money is __ soul of business. – There was not __ soul in the office. -
There isn’t __ single mistake in the sentence. – __ mistake was silly and this only made me more upset.
Упражнение 3. Поставим все точки над i в конструкции ‘bofa’. Вспомните правила расстановки артиклей в этой конструкции и заполните пропуски артиклями.
-
We didn’t know that __ inhabitants of __ cave were pirates. -
What about __ nice cup of __ tea? -
Cement is __ mixture of clay and __ chemicals. -
__ front of __ house was faced with granite. -
I need a secretary with __ knowledge of __ English. -
He turned down __ idea of __ opening a London office. -
The dwarf always swims for __ quarter of __ hour in the morning. -
The ogre’s bedroom was at __ back of __ house. -
All I needed was __ word of __ truth. -
I’ve brought a saw to shorten __ legs of __ table. -
The boy certainly has __ sense of __ humour. -
Where are you going with __ bucket of __ water? -
I forgot __ name of __ street my friend lives on. -
Sam had __ nice feeling of __ relaxation. -
__ end of __ story was sad. -
__ beginning of __ new school year is always an exciting event. -
I want __ pound of __ cherries and __ kilo of __ apples. -
__ bottom of __ ocean is inhabited by lots of sea species. -
__ top of __ mountain was covered with snow. -
__ foot of __ mountain is usually a dangerous place to camp at.
Упражнение 4. Пробежимся по мелким правилам (приемы пищи, время суток, артикли с учреждениями). Вставьте в пропуски артикль (любой), если он нужен.
-
After __ breakfast we all gathered in the hall. – Paul is standing us __ breakfast on Friday. – __ breakfast was rather decent. -
We had __ coffee in a pub near Trafalgar Square. – I have only five minutes for __ coffee. – I’m not going to drink __ coffee. It’s cold. -
At __ dinner everyone kept silent. – We were invited to __ dinner at the Pitts’. – I didn’t like __ dinner. The meat was underdone to my taste. -
At __ dawn I always feel happy. – __ dawn of the third day was chilly. – It was __ beautiful dawn. -
It was __ early autumn. – It was __ dry autumn. – __ autumn of 1966 was warm. -
The Pitts took their neighbours to __ court. – Mr. Pitt is a judge. He works at __ court. – I didn’t agree with __ court’s decision and made an appeal. -
It was Sunday and the Pitts were at __ church. – __ new church is being built in our town. – __ new church is undoubtedly the most beautiful one. -
We don’t have to go to __ school today, and we are over the moon with joy. – I wonder what’s life is like in __ English private school. – There was a chapel in front of __ school. -
__ prison is not the answer to many social problems. – There is a good library in __ prison. – Sometimes, especially on rainy days, the castle looked like __ prison. -
Rosy refused to go to __ hospital unless I promised to look after her cat. – There is __ old military hospital in the area. – The staff of __ hospital has a good reputation for performing transplant operations.
Упражнение 5. Поставьтеартикливфиксированныхсочетаниях (еслионинужны). Выучитеэти словосочетания.
All of __ sudden; as __ result; on __ foot; in __ demand; to tell __ truth; to be at __ loss; once __ week; from __ head to __ foot; as __ matter of __ fact; in __ loud voice; at __ first sight; __ day before yesterday; after __ lunch; two times __ day; in __ fact; to have __ good time; from __ start to ___ finish;to play __ violin; in __ conclusion; at __ times; in __ advance; to be in __ hurry; at __ last; from __ time to __ time; by __ mistake; __ other day; at __ sunset; to watch __ TV; to listen to __ radio; to be in __ bed; for __ example; to tell __ time; by __ bicycle; to take __ seat; in __ good mood; by __ heart; at __ sea; in __ fact; at __ present; in __future; at __ work; from __ hand to __ mouth; in __ time.
Упражнение 6. Артикли с именами собственными. Поставьте ‘the’ там, где нужно.
__ Andes; __ Baikal; __ Crimea; __ Hague; __ Panama Canal; __ Antarctic Continent; __ Belgium; __ Dublin; __ Havana; __ Maldives; __ Persian Gulf; __ Bay of Bengal; __ English Channel; __ Hawaiian Isles; __ New Zealand; __ Philippines; __ Arctic Ocean; __ Caucasus; __ Everest; __ Hudson Bay; __ Netherlands; __ Sahara; __ Asia; __ Central America; __ Gibraltar; __ Kalahari; __ North Pole; __ Sakhalin; __ Bahamas; __ Corsica; __ Great Bear Lake; __ Ladoga; __ Pacific Ocean; __ Urals; __ Thanksgiving; __ Christmas; __ Trafalgar Square; __ London University; __ Cooper’s Art School; __ Waterloo Bridge; __ Piccadilly Circus; __ Kremlin; __ University of __ Florida; __ Queen Elizabeth; __ Eiffel Tower; __ St. Paul’s Cathedral; __ President Kennedy; __ President; __ Vatican; __ White House; __ Hyde Park; __ Cambridge; __ Buckingham Palace; __ British Museum; __ Tower of London; __ Westminster Abbey; __ Houses of Parliament.
Упражнение 7. Обобщаем материал. Вставляем в пробелы артикль, если он нужен
1. __Grand Hotel is in __ Baker street. 2. I read about __ accident in __ Washington Post. 3. __Suez Canal joins __ Indian Ocean with __ Atlantic Ocean.
4. __Nile is __ longest river in __ Africa. 5. __Chinese invented __ printing. 6. I’d like to have __ guitar though I can play only __ piano. 7. __ Life is all right if you have __ job but __ things are not so easy for __ unemployed. 8. All __ books on __ top shelf belong to me. 9. London is famous for its __ St. Paul’s Cathedral, __ Houses of Parliament, __ Tower of London, __ Buckingham Palace, __ Westminster Abbey and __ British Museum. 10. __ film wasn’t very good but I liked __ music. 11. __economic situation is very bad. Many people are out of __work. 12. Ann works as __ cleaner at __ hospital so __ hospital is very clean. 13. __ lunch was really nice. I had __ Italian soup, __ salad, and __ grapes. 14. __ sun is __ star. 15. __ Smiths bought __ nice house in __ country. 16. Susan works in __ city centre. 17. Sam sat on __ chair near __ door. 18. What __ expensive furniture! 19. Why do you take __ things without __ permission? 20. John is having __ interview for __ job tomorrow. 21. Bill is __ workaholic. 22. It was __ long-term agreement. 23. __ most windows are made of __ glass. 24. __ glass of my watch is broken and one of __ hands is missing. 25. __ audience was stone silent. 26. __ girl is really __ great talker. 27. In America, “neighbor” has __ friendly connotation, in England it is __ chilly word, nearly always __ stranger. 28. __ rain was still beating on __ windows. 29. __ road snaked its way across __ hills. 30. Emma hoped __ baby would be __ girl.
Упражнение 8. Задание прежнее
1. __ end of __ novel puzzled all __ readers. 2. At __ age of fifty he still had __ figure of __ young man. 3. It was __ cold, clear night without __ cloud but __ wind blowing from __ Thames was sharp with __ frost. 4. There is __ legend about __ bird that sings only once. From __ time it is born, it searches for __ thorn tree and, when it finds one, it flies at __ longest, sharpest thorn. As it dies, __ bird sings its song – __ most beautiful one. 5. It was __ old song about __ boat from Liverpool that went on __ long voyage across __ Atlantic. __song was almost as long as __ voyage but Disco sang it to __ end. 6. __ English governed __ oceans in __ 19th century as if they were their own property. 7. __ Red Sea is __ saltiest sea in __ world, and its water is used for __ medical purposes. 8. __ Queen smiled. She had told __ black lie. 9. In __ middle of __ year he made __ second trip to Fairley Hall. 10. __ village where my relatives live is such __ idyllic place. 11. __ bell rang __ third time to indicate __ beginning of __ class. 12. __ Girl is __ born peacemaker. 13. __ farm itself was surrounded by __ green fields divided by __ old stone wall built __ century ago. 14. __ fields sloped down into __ valley below, where __ river Nidd was shining like __ silver thread against __ green . 15. __ brunch is __ meal that you eat in __ late morning. 16. They had __ dinner for six. 17. It was __ fine afternoon. 18. __ morning was chilly. 19. It was __ sunless day. 20. __ twilight always makes me feel sad, I don’t know why. 21. If you look ugly in __ early morning, sleep till noon. 22. This is __ way of __ world. 23. Edwina lived in __ world entirely of her own making. 24. Isn’t it __ small world? 25. __ horizon is __ line at which __ earth (or __ sea) and __ sky seem to meet. 26. __ moon cast __ dancing reflection onto __ river. 27. __lion is __ national emblem of __ Great Britain. 28. __ market is __ exciting and colourful part of __ town, full of __ noise and __ bustle. 29. We met every day after __ school. 30. This is __ school with more than one thousand pupils. __ school was built in 1909.
Упражнение 9. Подобное двум предыдущим
1. __ foul morning may turn to __ fair day. 2. __ nod from __ lord is __ breakfast for __ fool. 3. After __ dinner sit __ while, after __ supper walk __ mile. 4. All are not __ saints that go to __ church. 5. __ hour in __ morning is worth two in __ evening. 6. Better to go to __ bed supperless than rise in __ debt. 7. __ hope is __ good breakfast but __ bad supper. 8. Max left __ Ritz Hotel after their __ dinner at __ Annabel’s and walked home crossing __ Piccadilly and heading through __ Half Moon Street into __ Mayfair. 9. __Easter Island in __ Pacific was discovered in 1722. 10. __ Gulf Stream is __ warm ocean current which flows from __ Gulf of Mexico, along __ south-east coast of __ United States. 11. In __ vicinity of __ house were __ Rodin Museum, __ French Academy, and __ Hotel des Invalides, housing __ tomb of Napoleon I. 12. __ two young women had attended __ Sorbonna at __ same time. 13. __ hunters got lost in __ Rocky Mountains. 14. __ Buckingham Palace, __ Trafalgar Square, __ Houses of Parliament, __ Tower of London, _ Tower Bridge, __ National Gallery are __ usual sights in __ English capital. 15. In the morning she used to read __ “Vogue”, and he usually read __ “Mirror”. 16. __ Low Countries include __ Netherlands, __ Belgium and __ Luxembourg. 17. __ Colorado River flows through __ Grand Canyon. 18. __ names of __ following streets have __ definite article: __ Mall, __ Strand, __ Wall Street, __ Unter den Linden. 19. __ England of __ XXII century will be very different from __ England of our days. 20. __House drew her back like __ magnet. 21. __ sea was like __ black oil. 22. There’s no fool like __ old fool. 23. They danced in __ silence, __ cheek to __ cheek. 24. Why are you talking in __ whisper? 25. He has always been as solid as __ rock, hardworking, dependable, devoted and loyal. 26. “your words are not flattering,” she replied with __ dry smile. 27. “I can never be yours,” she said with __ pathos, and he accepted __ words with __ heavy heart. 28. If you had as little money as __ manners, you’d be __ poorest of all __ people. 29. __ beginning of __ detective story should be mysterious and gripping. 30. __ beginning of __ novel was boring but __ end was fantastic. 31. In big cities people have to live in __ blocks of flats. 32. Julia worked hard and soon she was at __ top of __ class. 33. __ snow lay thick on __ roof of __ house. 34. __ roof of __ private house needs regular care. 35. Chris had __ feeling of complete and __ utter love. 36. For her, the Union Jack was not merely __ national emblem of Great Britain, but __ symbol of __ justice, __ democracy and __ freedom. 37. __ piece of __ information we’ve just got is very timely. 38. They sat down on a bench under __ shade of __ weeping willow. 39. __ proof of __ pudding is in the eating. 40. Matilda, __ sensitive and brilliant girl, was very quick to learn.
Упражнение 10. Немногоусложнимзадание. Теперь нужно не только подумать, какой артикль поставить, но и куда его деть. Существительные, которым, возможно, требуется артикль, подчеркнуты.
-
I have discovered during my long career as teacher that bad girl is far more dangerous creature than bad boy. -
Latest findings of parliamentary group produced accurate figures. -
Let’s take children to circus on Sunday morning. -
Look, there is beautiful butterfly on wall. -
Common sense is person’s natural ability to behave in practical and sensible way. -
Money is soul of business. -
Advice to fool is waste of time; it goes in one ear and out of other. -
Lawyer went to hospital to make will for Mr. Pitt. -
At five-thirty we had early supper of sausages and bacon. -
Dinner was served from buffet and people were wandering around with plates of food. -
Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves with living. We must build houses and schools. -
I went to school to talk to headmistress. I persuaded her to let Ann give up gymnastics ad take ballet lessons instead. -
My mother goes to church in morning and in evening she goes to visit friends. -
Man is reasoning animal. -
He had hasty lunch in café near Bond Street. -
Darkness doesn’t disturb cats. Cats can see in dark. -
– I hope you’ll have lovely time and good weather. – But I’m not going for holiday. I’m going on business. -
Day after day things may be very much same. -
Windscreen was smashed and driver was cut in face by broken glass. -
It was windy morning but they hired boat and went for sail along coast. -
I’ve told you hundred times not to come into room with hat on. -
There was collision between car and cyclist at crossroads near my house early in morning. -
Suddenly making decision, taking control of situation, he said in firm voice, “Let’s go. I’ll take you to lunch. I know good place for hamburger and salad. -
Oxford is situated in south of England, about fifty miles north-west of London. -
Ballet isn’t much use for girls. It’s much better to be able to play piano. -
Little is known about effect of this drug, but chemist will sell it to you without prescription. -
I didn’t like both of visitors. One of them was shabby and miserable man of about forty. Other one was such fright that I even got little scared. -
That’s other side of coin, so to say. -
Bar of chocolate is good snack. -
Ogre kept grinning from ear to ear.
Упражнение11. Иещечутьсложнее. Теперь даже нет подчеркнутых слов. Творите!
1. Meeting for me is like jump into unknown. 2. It’s still unknown when officials are going to take decisive measures. 3. Ben often thought regretfully about past. 4. Book is about dazzling world of rich and powerful. 5. Mr. Pitt is well-known economist, expert in his field. 6. Helen Westwood, professor of philology, studies slang of teenagers. 7. He is President, so he has last word. 8. Will Prime Minister Blaire discuss it with Queen? 9. Mother and child should be protected by State. 10. Moon was rolling slowly in sky, from star to star. 11. Traffic stood nose to tail all way down Strand. 12. English will endure any amount of humiliation and suffering if you can promise them nice cup of tea at end of it. 13. At one end of town stood old church. Most of shops lay beyond church. 14. Traffic warden is man or woman who controls car parking in towns. 15. People of Hawaiian Islands speak Polynesian language. 16. Life is easier than you would think; all that is necessary is to accept impossible, do without indispensable, and bear intolerable. 17. When woman agrees to marry a man, he gives her engagement ring. 18. Teachers are like weather, one minute good, one minute bad. 19. Opening fridge door, Jake took out beer, opened it and drank cold beer from bottle. 20. Evidence of happy marriage is when husband and wife enjoy each other’s company. 21. We’d like to have wedding in fall, in early October, just as foliage begins to turn yellow. 22. Emma’s eyes rested on memorandum again. Here was opportunity she had been waiting for. 23.