§ 9. SUGAR CARGO
Apart from the general preparations of cleaning and drying the hold, sugar is a cargo which demands, absolute freedom from dampness and avoidance of any contact with iron or steel.

Sugar is carried mainly in bags, and is said to be either “dry” or “green”. Dry sugar is more highly refined than green sugar, the former being almost free from syrupy content while,the latter is of a wet nature. Dampness will result in considerable drain­age in the form of syrup which is not only damaging to the re­mainder of the cargo, but it causes the bags to stick together in the form of a solid block. Wet syrupy sugar in contact with iron or steel will cause corrosion. "Dry” and “green” sugar should not be stowed together; tweendeck stowage is preferable for “dry” sugar whilst the lower hold can be used for stowage the “green” sugar. In both cases, however, plenty of wide wood boards should be available for dunnage. The bulkheads and sides of the hold space should be covered with separation cloths, and the whole of the bottom double layer of dunnage should be covered with sepa­ration cloths too. Considerable quantities of mats should be handy to use as a protection against any bare ironwork.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
apart from – _Кроме

sugar is said to be ... – считают, что сахар ...

highly refined – тщательно рафинирован (очищен)

wet nature – сырой по своей природе

dampness will result in considerable drainage – сырость вызовет значительную утечку

the remainder of the cargo – остаток груза

to stick together – склеиваться вместе

considerable quantities of mats should be handy – значительное количество матов должно

иметься под рукой
СЛОВА, ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ДЛЯ АКТИВНОГО УСВОЕНИЯ
to demand, dampness, "dry” sugar, “green” sugar, to be free from, wet, drainage, syrup, to stick together, separation cloths, layer, to be handy, bare, ironwork.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Выберите из колонки необходимые предлоги: against, of, with, from

1. 
   Sugar demands absolute freedom ... dampness.
   
2. 
   The bulkheads and sides of the hold space should be covered ... separation cloths.
   
3. 
   Cover the bottom layer of dunnage ... clean boards.
   
4. 
   Use mats as a protection ... any bare ironwork.
   
5. 
   Drainage is a result ... dampness.
   

II. Замените в предложениях инфинитив герундием:

1. 
   They want to clean the hold space.
   
2. 
   To dry the hold will take much time.
   
3. 
   To avoid contacts with iron or steel means to protect the cargo from damage.
   
4. 
   They prefer to load “green” sugar on the lower hold.
   
5. 
   They intend to sweep the holds before taking cargo on board.
   

III. Переведите на русский язык предложения с независимым причастным оборотом:

Образец.Dry sugar is more highly refined than green sugar, the former being al-

Most free from syrupy content.

Очищенный сахар тщательнее рафинирован, чем сахар-сырец,

причем первый

---

почти не содержит патоки.

1. 
   Dry and green sugar are stowed in the same hold, the for­mer being given tweendeck stowage.
   
2. 
   The stevedore and Cargo officer are responsible for loading, the former always being in charge of cargo work.
   
3. 
   The ship delivered radio equipment in boxes and some extra weights, the latter being discharged first.
   

IV. Составьте правильные по смыслу предложения:

Sugar Dry sugar Green sugar Tweendeck stowage Dampness

is

highly refined of a wet nature preferable foe dry sugar a reason of damage to sugar carried in bags

V. Выберите из скобок те слова, которые подходят по смыслу:

1. 
   Sugar demands (а—dampness; b—dryness) for its carri­age.
   
2. 
   Sugar is carried (a—in bags; b—in boxes).
   
3. 
   Dry and green sugar (a—should be stowed together; b— should be stowed separately).
   
4. 
   Tweendeck stowage is preferable for (a—dry sugar; b— green sugar).
   
5. 
   Sugar in bags demands (a—wooden boards; b—iron sheets) for dunnage.
   
6. 
   Sugar should be (a—in contact with bare ironwork; b— isolated from ironwork).
   

6. 
   Переведите на русский язык:
   

Образец. Dampness will result in considerable drainage in the form of syrup.

Сырость вызовет значительную утечку в виде па­токи.

1. 
   Improper dunnage will result in damage to cargo.
   
2. 
   Drainage of syrup will result in slicking the bags to­gether.
   
3. 
   Wet syrupy sugar in contact with ironwork will result in corrosion.
   
4. 
   Insufficient number of gangs employed will result in delay in loading.
   

7. 
   Выучите диалоги:
   

Диалог № I

• 
  Tell me, please, what precautions should be taken in respect of a sugar cargo?
  
• 
  Apart from the general preparations of cleaning and drying the holds, sugar demands absolute freedom from dampness.
  
• 
  What else?
  
• 
  And of course, avoidance of any contact with iron or steel.
  

Диалог № 2

• 
  How is sugar usually carried?
  
• 
  Dry sugar is carried mainly in bags, but green sugar—in bulk.
  
• 
  What’s used for dunnage?
  
• 
  Wide wood boards and separation cloths such as paper, cardboard and tarpaulins.
  

§ 10. COTTON AND RICE CARGOES
Cotton, shipped in tightly pressed bales, is a cargo which is accompanied by fire risk. The preparation of a hold or compart­ment for this cargo is primarily directed towards lessening the risk of fire. This cargo is liable to produce heat and is also sub­ject to spontaneous combustion. Outside elements which may cause extra fire risk must be considered. It is imperative that any space in which cotton is to be stowed should be perfectly dry, well aired and absolutely free from any oily stains. The pre­vious cargo will determine the amount of cleaning necessary. If cotton cargo follows a clean general cargo efficient sweeping and airing will be sufficient but if cotton follows a coal or the like cargo, it is necessary to wash the space down, due attention being given to drying.

Rice cargo calls for a very elaborate and efficient system of ventilation, for two reasons. Firstly, rice evolves a certain amount of carbonic acid gas, and secondly its moisture content leads to the sweating of the hold. Condensation will therefore drop on the cargo from certain points of ironwork, unless necessary pre­cautions are taken. The cargo is liable to heat fairly quickly, and this fact, associated with loss of moisture, explains the losses of weight in transit varying from one to three per cent. The floor of the hold should be covered with 3 inch by 3 inch battens, laid athwartships, and 11 inch by l½ inch boards fore and aft laid with a space of 4 inches between boards. This will ensure effi­cient air circulation without causing the bottom bags to split, a result which would certainly occur if the boards were spaced too far apart.

---

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
fire risk – риск пожара

to be liable to – подвергаться, быть доступным (чему-либо)

to be subject to – подвергаться (воздействию, влиянию)

3 inch by 3 inch – 3 × 3 дюйма

it is imperative that ... – зд. обязательно, чтобы…

the amount of cleaning necessary – степень необходимой очистки

to wash down – вымыть

to space boards too far apart – укладывать доски с большими промежутками
СЛОВА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ АКТИВНОМУ УСВОЕНИЮ
cotton, to accompany, fire risk, to produce, combustion.- to cause, previous, to determine, to follow, sufficient, rice, reason, moisture, condensation, to occur.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Образуйте глаголы от следующих прилагательных при помощи суффикса –en и

переведите их на русский язык:

tight, less, dark, wide, while, black
II. Выделите суффиксы в следующих словах. Определите к ка­кой части речи они

относятся; переведите слова:

1) spontaneous; 2) compartment; 3) combustion; 4) impera­tive; 5) perfectly; 6) previous; 7) efficient; 8) elaborate; 9) fair­ly; 10) moisture; 11) ventilation; 12) dampness.
III. Выберите из скобок слова, близкие но значению:

1. 
   to lessen (a—to produce; b—to reduce).
   
2. 
   to produce (a—to manufacture; b—to supply; c—to prepare).
   
3. 
   spontaneous (a—previous; b—unexpected; с—special).
   
4. 
   to determine (a—to pay attention to; b—to deliver; с—to define).
   
5. 
   sufficient (a—efficient; b—safe; с—enough).
   
6. 
   to occur (a—to accompany; b—to prefer; с—to happen).
   
7. 
   fairly (a—absolutely; b—rather; с—frequently).
   

IV. Переведите предложения с независимым причастным оборо­том:

1. 
   The boards being spaced too far apart, the absence of suf­ficient air circulation causes the bottom bags to split.
   
2. 
   It is important that you should wash a hold down, special attention being given to its drying.
   
3. 
   The ventilation system being insufficient, moisture appear­ed in the hold.
   

V. Выберите из скобок те слова, которые подходят по смыслу:

1. 
   Cotton in tightly pressed bales (a—lessens; b—increases) the risk of fire.
   
2. 
   Cotton is liable (a—to remove; b—to produce) heat.
   
3. 
   If the cotton cargo follows a general cargo it is necessary {a—to sweeo the space; b—to wash the space down).
   
4. 
   Rice evolves (a—carbonic acid gas; b—sulphur gas).
   
5. 
   When loading a cotton cargo you should cover the floor of the hold with (a—3 inch by 3 inch battens; b—the tarpaulin).
   

VI. Выберите из колонки соответствующие предлоги: to, with, for, by

1. 
   This cargo is accompanied ... fire risk.
   
2. 
   Cotton is subject... spontaneous combus­tion.
   
3. 
   Efficient ventilation system is impor­tant ... many reasons.
   
4. 
   Rice and cotton call ... good system of ventillation.
   
5. 
   You must give attention ... proper clean­ing the space for cotton cargo.
   
6. 
   Moisture leads ... sweating the sides of the hold.
   
7. 
   Heat is associated ... the loss of weight.
   
8. 
   The floor of the hold is covered ... thick battens.
   
9. 
   This board is 2 inch ... 4 inch.
   

---

VII. Подберите из правой колонки определения к группам слов в левой колонке:

1. Porcelain, glass, crockery	I. Heavy cargo
2. Cases of tea, fruit, fur	II. Running gear
3. Winches, cranes, derricks	III. Lifting gear
4. Iron pigs, bags of cement	IV. Fragile cargo
5. Blocks, guys	V. Light cargo

8. 
   Переведите на русский язык:
   

1. 
   Owing to the great risk of fire which is ever present with cotton cargoes, the handling, stowage and carriage of same calls for the greatest care and attention.
   
2. 
   Before commencing to receive cotton the steam or chemical fire extinguishers should be thoroughly overhauled.
   
3. 
   Cotton which is or has been in contact with oil or grease is very liable to spontaneous combustion.
   
4. 
   Bales of cotton should be carefully examined on quay or lighter and all wet or damp bales, also those with wrappers torn off and marks missing rejected.
   

9. 
   Переведите на английский язык:
   

1. 
   Хлопок обычно грузится в плотно спрессованных кипах.
   
2. 
   Грузу хлопка сопутствует риск пожара.
   
3. 
   Необходимо уменьшить риск пожара.
   
4. 
   Хлопок подвержен самопроизвольному возгоранию.
   
5. 
   Помещение трюма, в которое будет грузиться хлопок, должно быть сухим, хорошо проветренным.
   
6. 
   Если хлопок грузится в трюмы после генерального груза, достаточно хорошо подмести и проветрить трюмы.
   
7. 
   Если хлопок грузится после угля, необходимо вымыть трюм, причем особое внимание уделить его просушке.
   
8. 
   Рис выделяет некоторое количество углекислоты.
   
9. 
   Настил пола при погрузке риса и хлопка следует покрыть планками размером 3X3 дюйма.
   
10. 
    Планки должны быть уложены поперек и вдоль трюма, причем между отдельными планками зазоры должны быть 4 дюйма.
    

---

X. Выучите диалоги:

Диалог № 1

• 
  How is cotton shipped?
  
• 
  It’s shipped in tightly pressed bales.
  
• 
  Is it any risk of fire present?
  
• 
  Certainlyl Cotton is accompanied by fire risk and the pre­paration of a hold space for this cargo is primarily directed towards lessening the risk of fire;
  
• 
  How can it be done?
  
• 
  Any space in which cotton is to be stowed should be dry, well aired and absolutely free from any oily stains.
  

Диалог № 2

Stevedore. — Cargo officer, please, what was the cargo car­ried in the holds last voyage?

Cargo Officer. — Grain.

St. — The holds, especially Nos 2 and 3 are dusty. It’s nece­ssary to wash the space down and dry them well, otherwise we can’t load cotton.

C. O. — The holds were swept properly.

St. — To my mind, not. Cotton is subject to spontaneous combustion and calls for absolutely freedom of dust. In this state of the holds we have extra fire risk.

С. O. — All right! We’ll prepare the holds more thoroughly. Load plywood in No 4 meanwhile.

St. — Settled!
§ 11. DANGEROUS CARGOES
Dangerous cargoes are classed as cargoes which owing to their inflammable or explosive nature are liable to spontaneous com­bustion, either in themselves or when stowed with other substan­ces. Cargoes which give off explosive gases, poisonous fumes or tainting odours are also classed as dangerous goods, the gases of which, when mixed with air, are liable to explosion.
Some Types of Dangerous Goods Carried in Cargo Vessels

Cargo	Description and Property	Stowage
Carbolic Acid Hydrochloric Acid Nitric Acid Sulphuric Acid Ammonia and its aqueous solution Bleaching Powder Fireworks Lampblack Matches Epichlorohydrin	Corrosive and poisono­us, absorption through the skin. Dangerous and corrosi­ve. Will damage or de­stroy wood or metal. Highly dangerous and corrosive. Throws off poi­sonous fumes if heated. Very dangerous and corrosive. In contact with water produces great heat and so liable to ig­nite any combustible substance near at hand Dangerous, not inflam­mable, but fumes are suffocating. Very corrosive and throws off heavy pun­gent corrosive fumes. Explosive. Liable to spontaneous combustion. Dangerous. Are incli­ned to heat when in a moist atmosphere. Toxic, inflammable (flashpoint 23°C) and volatile. Causes severe damage to the eyes, the respiratory tract and the skin. Poisoning by inha­lation of the vapour and by absorption of the liquid through the skin.	On deck. In iron or steel drums. On deck, well removed from ammonia or explosives. Carried in securely packed glass car boys. If a carboy breaks do not use water but try to absorb with sand or whiting. On deck only. In drums. Sa­me precautions as 2. On deck, in drums or carboys stowed in such a position that they can be easily jettisoned if necessary. On deck only (in drums protected from direct rays of sun). Temperatures over 70°C cause severe expansion of drums, with consequent leakage. Slow on a layer of sawdust. On deck only, in strong iron or steel drums. Should be stowed in a sepa­rate hold or compartment. Stow in lined cases or bags in or near the hatchway and in a dry place. Packed in strong wooden ca­ses, lined with tough waxed or oiled paper. Stow in a dry and a cool place. Not to be stowed in same compartment as explo­sive. On deck. In drums. If a drum breaks use plenty of water. The vapour may create an explosive atmosphere.

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