Файл: Практикум по грамматике, чтению и переводу с английского языка Новосибирск 2008 Оглавление.doc

XX. Discussion. In pairs discuss the following questions.
1. How do you think technology will advance over the next fifty years?

2. How important is it to balance technological progress with environmental concerns?
Unit 4

Повторение времен английского языка
Модальные глаголы
Функции слов it, one и that
Текст «The invention of the transistor»

5. Фразовые глаголы: bring и turn

I. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitablepast form.
Even as a child Jane Cavanagh was more at home with the circuits boards from her father′s electronics business than doll′s houses. At the age of seventeen, she ………… (demonstrate) her entrepreneurial capabilities by buying two cars at an auction. She ………… (spend) half the summer renovating them, and afterwards she ……….(sell) them at a profit. Some years later while she …………. (work) for Telecom-Soft, a division of BT, she was given the task of developing its computer games brands. She ………. (travel) to Japan and ………. (build up) a portfolio of products for BT to sell. At this time, games consoles …………… (become) increasingly popular and she ……….. (realize) the sector′s enormous potential. She ………… (still work) for BT when she ………….. (approach) by FIL, a division of the French conglomerate Thomson. For some time, FIL ………….. (look for) someone with good contacts in Japan to expand their games development. FIL ………….. (offer) her the job of negotiating the rights of arcade games which could be converted into computer games. However, it ………… (always be) at the back of Cavanagh′s mind to start her own business. She ………….. (start) SCI and was in profit from day one.

II. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to modal verbs.

One of the path that can be explored is the launching of publications and the organization of technical meeting in collaboration with various industry specification. 2. To make supercomputers we need highly developed electronics and new materials. 3. The development of new materials should lose their significance. 4. Could I borrow your notebook this weekend? 5. After three hours I was able to make the printer work properly. 6. Mobile phone Blackberry can work nearly everywhere in the world. 7. A signal weakened during transmission could boosted using an amplifier in the receiver. 8. He ought to have recorded his new CD by now. 9. Might I turn up the radio? 10. May I have the book when you finish it?

III. Complete the sentences by filling in must, have to, can, need, could, should, may or to be able to.

In a traditional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) environment calls … be established directly between portable devices or relayed through base stations.
He … drive a car very well when he was fifteen.

The fire brigade … put out the fire before it destroyed the other buildings.

They … arrive tonight or tomorrow.
Passengers … cross the lines by the footbridge.
All students … submit their work by present day.
I think you … read this article.
The car …to be serviced.
– Are you working late again tonight? –Yes, we … finish the project by the weekend.
You … think about it before you make a final decision.
I … to put more oil in my car.
Alan Turing believed that computers … imitate the action of the human mind.

IV. Underline the correct modal verb.

You mustn′t /shouldn′t forget to pay the phone bill today.
We needn′t/oughtn′t to leave right away, we have plenty of time.
Push-to-talk can/may be thought of as a voice version of the extremely popular short-massage service available.
A system developed at the end of the last century could/might transmit long distance message.
Every institute ought to/should be proud of their famous graduates.
One can/should image a time when libraries will be run by computers, without human beings at all.
I can′t do my History homework. Do you think you could/should help me?
We need to/should invite Graig to the party.
I must/might go out tonight, if I finish this project.
Luckily I needn′t have/didn′t need to done all of the work again because I had a back up copy on disk.

V. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word one.
1. Distributed sensor networks are one of the fastest developing areas of electronics and telecommunications. 2. One should always take safety precautions. 3. There is only one thing we can do with this device. 4. Our car is always breaking down, but we are getting a new one soon. 5. The development of electronic technology and the promotion of access to markets is one of the tools for social change. 6. The new engineer is much more competent than the one we had last year. 7. I looked through the files and took the one which I hadn′t seen before. 8. One thing that is clear is that phones will pack a lot more computing power in future, and will be able to do more and more things that they are used for today. 9. There are two good dictionaries on sale. Which one shall we buy. 10. Mobile phones are the most rapidly evolving technological devices on earth and are likely to change as dramatically in the next decade as they did in the previous one.
VI. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word it.

It should be possible for the transmitter to send several multipurpose measurement signals. 2. The circuit is so sensitive that it makes a light-emitting diode flicker when it detects the changing electric field when combing your hair a few meters away. 3. It is a new subject. It is very important for our future speciality. We shall study it for two years. 4. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 5. It seems that he works a lot. 6. It is interesting to glance over the forecasts made near ten years ago for the Russian public - switched telephone network. 7. Bluetooth 2.1 ensures that in future it will be possible to connect devices “in a few seconds”. 8. Europe′s 5000 km of high-speed railway track will swell by a factor of three by 2020, making it the most impressive cross-border railway system in the world. 9. With a layer of the appropriate thickness it should be possible to generate photons of any type. 10. It is necessary to understand the fundamentals of this science.

VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word that (those).

Semiconductor engineers can make chips for mobile phones that operate a little farther down the spectrum. 2. Linked In is a highly successful online networking tool that allows users to build their own network of close friends, former colleagues and former classmates. 3. The ratio of the amplitude of the output signal to that of the input signal is called the gain. 4. An amplifier that is linear ought to have phase delays proportional to their frequencies. 5. The antenna that is installed in the equipment receives signals from transmitting earth station. 6. Those articles were rather interesting. 7. The obvious advantage of the laser is that its light is determined by the thickness of its layers, rather than the chemical properties of the material from which it is made. 8. One way of getting higher speed was to use the fact that current could flow round the circuit. 9. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1935. 10. Intel Centrino mobile technology design in 2001 to meet the demand of new and future applications with technology that offers faster instruction execution at lower powers.

VIII. Read the text. Express the main idea of the texts. Translate them.
The invention of the transistor
In the period immediately following the Second World War, there was a major step forward in electronics brought about by the invention of the first working transistor. In 1948, Shockley, Barden and Brattain, working in the Bell Telephone Laboratories in the USA, demonstrated that a transistor could amplify electrical signals and act like a switch. However, the way electricity moved in semiconductors, as these germanium-based devices were called, was not well understood. Furthermore, until the 1950s it was not possible to produce germanium with the high purity required to make useful transistors.

These transistors turned out to be successful rivals to the thermionic valve. They were cheaper to make since their manufacture could be automated. They were smaller, more rugged and had a longer life than valves, and they required less electrical power to work. Once silicon began to replace germanium as the basic semiconductor for making transistors in the 1960s, it was clear that the valve could never compete with the transistor for reliability, compactness and low power consumption.

The computer was built in the 1940s at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) filled a room, used 18000 valves, needed 200 kW of electrical power to work it, had a mass of 30 tons and cost a million dollars. The first transistorized desktop calculator of the 1960s was battery-powered, had a mass of a few kilograms and was capable of far more sophisticated calculations than ENIAC was able to perform. This trend towards low-cost yet more complex functions, to greater reliability and lower power consumption continues to be an important characteristic of developments in electronics. ENIAC is now regarded as a first-generation computer and the transistorized computers that followed it in the 1960s as second-generation computers. Third–generation computers required the development of the silicon chip.
Silicon chips make an impact
The first integrated circuits were made during the early 1960s. Techniques were developed for forming up to a few hundred transistors on a silicon chip and linking them together to produce a working circuit. The Apollo spacecraft that took men to the Moon in the late 1960s used these third-generation computers for navigation and control. The stimulus to miniaturize circuits in the form of integrated circuits came from three main areas: weapons technology, the “space race” and commercial activity.

Modern weapons systems depend on circuits that are small, light, quick to respond, reliable, and that use hardly any electrical power. Miniature circuits on silicon chips play a great role in the “space race” when Americans walked on the Moon by the end of the decade. Lacking the enormously powerful booster rockets developed by Russia, America needed compact and complex spacecraft and stimulated the design of small and reliable control, communications and computer equipment. During the 1970s, spin-off from military interests and the space race further stimulated the growth of an electronics industry bent first on creating electronics goods and then satisfying the demand for them at home, in the office and industry.

The 1970s saw the number of transistors integrated on a silicon chip. The most important silicon chip is the microprocessor. It contains most of the components needed to operate as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. A highly complex device that can be programmed to do a variety of tasks acts as the “brain” in a wide variety of devices. These forth-generation computers have become faster and cheaper; they are now used in industrial robots and sewing machines, in space stations and toasters, in medical equipment and computer games. Their programmability and cheapness are their strength. The microprocessor brings the story to the present day.
Vocabulary:
rival – соперник

consumption – потребление

to be rugged – крепкий. твердый

sophisticated – сложный

reliability – надежность

to respond – отвечать, реагировать

spin-off – извлечение

goods – товары

purity – чистота

impact – воздействие, влияние

switch – выключатель, переключатель, реле

to perform – выполнять

to require – требовать

turn out – оказываться
IX. Find the words in the text that (those), one, it and define their functions.
X. Find modal verbs in the text and define their functions.
XI. Answer the questions.

Characterize the development of electronics after the Second World War.
What are the advantages of transistors over the thermionic valve?
What is the most important characteristic of the development of electronics?
What is the difference between a first-generation computer and a third generation one?
When were the first silicon chips made?
How were silicon chips used at that time?
What is the most important silicon chip? Characterize it.
What are the advantages of using fourth-generation computers?
Where are fourth-generation computers used?
What impact do silicon chips make?

XII. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

A great step in electronics was taken by the invention of a valve.
Until the 1950s it was not possible to produce germanium with the high purity.
Valve is as reliable and compact as transistor.
ENIAC is regarded as a transistorized computer.
The growth of an electronic industry was stimulated by military interests and the space race.

XIII Complete each sentence with a word from the box

Semiconductor, reliability, impact, purity, power, switch, goods, germanium, rivals, consumption

1. The advantages of miniature circuits on silicon chips had a profound …………… on the “space race” which began when Russia launched Sputnik in 1957.

2. Along with the increasing circuit complexity there was a doubling in the information processing …………….. of the silicon chip.

The main reason ……………. materials are so useful is that the behavior of a semiconductor can be easily manipulated by the addition of impurities, known as doping.

4. Semiconductors use such materials as ………….. , silicon and gallium arsenide.

5. The …………. of the water is tested regularly.

6. Gas and oil ……………. always increases in cold weather.

7. The two teams have always been …………... .

8. The .................. of the results depends on the modernization of the equipment.

9. The operational amplifier is connected as an electronic ………….. so that when the resistance of the thermictor has reached a specific value, the output voltage of the operational amplifier rises sharply.
10. The restructuring program of the company is introducing principle changes in trade and selling of manufactured …………. .

XIV. Combine words from Box A with words from Box B to make collocations.

A

power

desktop

space

industrial

complex

B

race

consumption

device

calculator

robots

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