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31
Респираторная
система
ЗАНЯТИЕ
6
Выучите
слова
и
выражения
,
наиболее
часто
употребляемые
в
рефератах
:
1.
airway
дыхательные
пути
2.
aspirate
аспират
,
материал
(
напр
.
клетки
,
ткани
),
полученный
путем
аспирации
3.
bacterial colonization
образование
колоний
бактерий
,
бактериальная
колонизация
4.
benefit
польза
,
благо
5.
chest radiograph (
Syn.
X-ray film)
рентгеновский
снимок
грудной
клетки
6.
colonize
заселять
(
ткань
,
орган
)
7.
cough
кашель
8.
culture
культура
,
культивирование
,
выращивание
(
микроорганизмов
),
посев
культур
(
микроорганизмов
);
культивировать
,
выращивать
9.
database
H
база
данных
10.
definitive diagnosis
окончательный
диагноз
11.
family history
H
семейный
анамнез
12.
fever
жар
,
лихорадка
13.
hypopharyngeal
H
гипофарингеальный
H
,
H
подглоточный
14.
hypopharynx
H
гортанная
часть
глотки
H
,
H
гипофаринкс
H
,
H
гортаноглотка
15.
laboratory findings
H
данные
лабораторного
исследования
16.
negative culture
культура
с
отсутствием
роста
,
отрицательный
посев
17.
outpatient (
Ant.
inpatient)
амбулаторный
(
ант
.
стационарный
)
больной
18.
physical findings
H
физические
показатели
32
19.
positive
culture
культура
с
наличием
роста
,
положительный
посев
20.
positive sputum culture
положительный
H
посев
мокроты
21.
predict
предсказывать
,
прогнозировать
22.
prescribe
прописывать
23.
provide c
набжать
,
обеспечивать
24.
provider
H
поставщик
медицинских
услуг
H
,
врач
,
медицинский
работник
25.
recurrent
рецидивирующий
,
повторяющийся
,
возвратный
26.
retrospective review
ретроспективный
обзор
27.
tracheostomy
трахеостомия
(
вскрытие
просвета
трахеи
с
подшиванием
краев
разреза
трахеи
к
краям
разреза
кожи
для
образования
трахеостомы
)
28.
wheeze
стридор
,
тяжелое
дыхание
,
одышка
Упражнение
1.
Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
,
обратите
внимание
на
перевод
выделенных
слов
.
1.
Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide limited
benefit
in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently
prescribe
antibiotics
for acute bronchitis.
2.
Charts (
истории
болезни
)
were reviewed to document patient symptoms,
physical findings
,
provider
and patient characteristics, and treatment.
3.
No significant differences were found based on
prescribing
habits of individual
providers
or provider level of training (
уровень
подготовки
).
4.
We investigated a possible association between
bacterial colonization
of the
hypopharynx
in asymptomatic neonates (
новорожденный
)
and later
development of
recurrent wheeze.
5.
Hypopharyngeal aspirates
were
cultured
from 321 neonates
at 1 month of
age.
6.
Previous studies of
chronic tracheostomy
(CT) have
concerned (
касались
)
mainly hospitalized patients.
7.
This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children with
presumptive diagnosis
of PTB.
8.
A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with
definitive
PTB based on
positive sputum
culture
.
9.
The triad of
cough, fever
,
and a
purified protein derivative
(PPD) was highly
predictive (
предсказывающий
) of culture-positive PTB
among children.
33
10.
A
retrospective
chart
(
история
болезни
)
review
was performed in a family
medicine training center (
учебный
центр
семейной
медицины
).
11.
Patients who had acute bronchitis were selected from a computerized-record
database
.
12.
We investigated whether
outpatients
with chronic tracheostomy had a high or
low risk for developing
severe respiratory tract infections.
Обратите
внимание
на
названия
микроорганизмов
.
Запомните
,
что
в
русском
тексте
следует
хотя
бы
один
раз
обязательно
упомянуть
полное
латинское
название
микроорганизмов
.
1.
gram-negative enteric bacteria
(GNEB)
H
грамотрицательные
кишечные
бактерии
2.
Haemophilus influenzae
H
гемофильная
палочка
3.
Helicobacter pylori
H
Хеликобактер
пилори
4.
Moraxella catarrhalis
H
моракселла
H
катаральная
5.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB)
H
туберкулезная
бацилла
6.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
H
синегнойная
палочка
7.
Staphylococcus aureus
H
золотистый
стафилококк
8.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
H
пневмококк
Упражнение
2.
Переведите
предложения
на
русский
язык
,
обратите
внимание
на
названия
микроорганизмов
.
1.
Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region of asymptomatic
1-month-old infants
were cultured for
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Moraxella catarrhalis,
and
Staphylococcus
aureus
.
2.
Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB), and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were the most common colonizing bacteria at these
sites.
3.
Twenty-one percent of the infants were colonized
with
S. pneumoniae, M.
catarrhalis, H. influenzae,
or a combination
of these organisms.
4.
Clinical, epidemiologic, and
laboratory findings were compared between
3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) cultures, those with negative cultures, and
those who did not meet (
не
удовлетворяли
) clinical diagnostic criteria.
5.
Helicobacter pylori
infection rates in duodenal ulcer (DU) (
язва
) patients may
be lower than previously estimated.
34
Упражнение
3.
Прочитайте
рефераты
медицинских
статей
.
Передайте
их
содержание
на
русском
языке
по
схеме
.
14B
a)
PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS (PTB)
IN CHILDREN IN A
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
Guillermo E. Salazar
,
Tracy L. Schmitz
,
Rosa Cama
et al
Pediatrics, 2001, Vol. 108, Issue 2, pp. 448-453
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether features predictive of definitive PTB could
be identified.
STUDY DESIGN
This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children (mean age:
6.8 years) presenting to the Hospital del Niño in Lima, Peru,
with presumptive
diagnosis of PTB. Clinical, epidemiologic, and
laboratory findings were compared
between 3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with
positive
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(
MTB) cultures, those likely to have
PTB
based on clinical criteria but with negative cultures, and
those who did not meet
clinical diagnostic criteria or have positive
cultures.
RESULTS
A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB
based on positive sputum culture. Another 55 (47%) patients
were classified as
having probable PTB based on meeting at least
2 of the following criteria: cough
lasting for at least 2 weeks,
typical chest radiograph changes, purified protein
derivative
(PPD) 10 mm or family history of tuberculosis.
CONCLUSIONS
The typical presentation of PTB in Peruvian children includes
symptoms of active pulmonary disease similar to those seen in
adults. The triad of
cough lasting 2 weeks, fever,
and a PPD 10 mm was highly predictive for
culture-positive PTB
among children in this low-income Peruvian population.
feature –
характерная
черта
predictive of –
предсказывающий
mean age–
средний
возраст
meet criteria –
H
удовлетворять
критериям
low-income –
низкий
доход
Peruvian –
перуанский
b) WHY ARE ANTIBIOTICS PRESCRIBED FOR PATIENTS WITH
ACUTE BRONCHITIS?
William J. Hueston, Julia E. Hopper, Elizabeth N. Dacus, et al
Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2000
BACKGROUND
Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide
limited benefit in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently prescribe
35
antibiotics for acute bronchitis.
Objective
To determine whether certain patient or
provider characteristics could predict antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.
SETTING
A family medicine training center where antibiotic use had already
been substantially reduced due to quality-improvement efforts.
METHODS
Patients who had acute bronchitis diagnosed during an 18-month
period and who had no other condition requiring antibiotics were selected from a
computerized-record database (n = 135). A retrospective chart review was
performed to document patient symptoms, physical findings, provider and patient
characteristics, and treatment.
RESULTS
35 (26%) patients received antibiotics for their acute bronchitis.
Analysis of 20 different symptoms and physical findings showed that symptoms
and signs were poor predictors of antibiotic use. No significant differences were
found based on prescribing habits of individual providers or provider level of
training.
CONCLUSION
In a setting where antibiotic use for acute bronchitis had been
decreased due to quality-improvement effort, it did not appear that providers
selectively used antibiotics for patients with certain symptoms or signs.
despite –
несмотря
на
quality-improvement efforts –
усилия
по
улучшению
качества
family medicine training center –
учебный
центр
семейной
медицины
level of training – -
уровень
подготовки
chart –
история
болезни
selectively –
избирательно
c) CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AFTER BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF
THE AIRWAY IN NEONATES
Hans Bisgaard, M.D., D.M.Sc., Mette Northman Hermansen, M.D. et al
New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 357, 2007, pp. 1487-1495
\
OBJECTIVE
We conducted a study to investigate a possible association between
bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates
and later
development of recurrent wheeze, asthma, and allergy
during the first 5 years of
life.
METHODS
The subjects were 321 neonates
at 1 month of age who were born to
mothers
with asthma. Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region were cultured for
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae
,
Moraxella catarrhalis,
and
Staphylococcus
aureus
. Wheeze was monitored prospectively on diary cards during
the first 5 years of life. Lung function
was measured and asthma was diagnosed at
5 years of age.