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18
W E L C O M E T O T H E W O R L D O F P U B L I C R E L A T I O N S
Bias
| Avoid gender bias by using non-gender-related words. Awareness of the irrele
vance of an employee’s gender is why airlines now have “flight attendants” instead of
“stewardesses” and why the postal service hires “mail carriers” instead of “mailmen”. It
also is unnecessary to write that something is “man-made” when a neutral word like
‘synthetic” or “artificial” is just as good. “Employees” is better than “manpower”, and
“chairperson” is more acceptable than “chairman”. Some terms may seem difficult to
neutralize — “congressperson”, “business person”, and “waitperson” don’t exactly trip
off the tongue. However, with a little thought, you can come up with appropriate titles,
such as “legislator”, “executive”, and “server”.
The problem of avoiding gender bias is particularly difficult because much of our
language is geared to the use of the word “man” as a generic term for both males and
females. Attempts to avoid this lead to such usages as “he/she” or “his/her” that make
for difficult reading. However, another word can be used in most cases. If you pluralize
the noun in question/the pronoun “their” will serve nicely. In other cases, you can use
words such as “personnel”, “staff’, “employee”, “worker”, “person”, or “practitioner”
to describe both men and women in the workplace.
□ Words and word-combinations
1. bias — тенденциозность
2. employee — служащий
3. manpower — личный состав; людские ресурсы
4. executive — руководитель, администратор
5. personnel — персонал, штат, кадры
6. staff — штат, штатные сотрудники (в отличие от внештатных)
Politically Incorrect Language
\ \ Beyond avoidance of stereotypes, there is an ongoing controversy about what
constitutes “politically correct” (commonly called “PC”) language. In today’s world of
diversity at all levels of national life, there is increased sensitivity about what words are
used to describe minorities and other groups of people.
Such concern has merit, and writers should be sensitive to words that may offend
individuals or groups. However, critics charge that a flood of euphemisms can cause a
loss of clarity and may result in a kind of political censorship that is not healthy for
freedom of expression. For example, some groups think the word “civilization” is polit
ically incorrect because it infers that some people are not civilized. Still others object to
the word “disabled” and want to substitute “physically challenged” or “differently
abled”. Is a person an “alcoholic” or just “suffering from substance abuse”? Even the
old term “Dutch treat” is under attack because it implies that Dutch people are cheap.
On another level, however, some suggestions seem quite logical. For example, in a
global economy, American companies now refer to “international” sales because “for
eign” sounds ethnocentric. Writers are using terms like “Asian-American” instead of
II Г С Б И Е П О А Н Г Л И Й С К О М У
я з ы к у
д л я
с т у д е н т о в
г у м а н и т а р н ы х
в у з о в
19
the now pejorative “Oriental”. And currently, there is some argument as to whether
African-American” is more politically correct than “black”; both terms have their
supporters.
Language, and its connotations, is constantly changing. The professional public
relations writer must be aware of the changes and must make decisions on the basis of
such factors as sensitivity to the audience, accuracy, and clarity of communication.
□ Notes
Dutch treat
— угощение, при котором каждый платит за себя; складчина, уго
щение в складчину
Л Words and word-combinations
1. merit — заслуга, достоинство
2. to
charge
— обвинять, выдвигать обвинение (требования)
3.
euphemism
— эвфемизм
4. censorship — цензура
5. pejorative — уничижительный
6.
connotation
— коннотация; дополнительное значение
EJ-RCISES
1. Look up the pronunciation of the following words:
Navajo,
Apache, burial, enhanced, unique, personnel, flood, euphemism,
ethnocentric, pejorative, scenic, colonel
2. Give English equivalents:
требовать внимания к ч.-л., выявлять ошибки, жертвовать ч.-л., прове- * • '
рить значение слова, унаследовать, иметь одинаковое звучание, грубая
ошибка, мешать пониманию, улучшенный вариант, вызвать подозрение,
обидеть, осознавать.
Reproduce them in situations from the text.
3. Give Russian equivalents:
to brand smb., to make for smth, ponderous, to obscure an idea, to modify a
word, to cause confusion, descendants, ancestors, to presume, to assume,
redundant words, excessive words, to imply.
Use them in situations of your own.
4. Translate in writing:
1) Beyond avoidance of stereotypes, there is an ongoing controversy about what
constitutes “politically correct” language.
2) Like redundancies, excessive words impede understanding and readability.
3)
The section Too Many Numbers
5. Give synonyms:
inconsiderate, irrelevance, frequently, massive, significant, powerful,
innovative.
20
W E L C O M E T O T H E W O R L D O F P U B L I C R E L A T I O N S
6
. Give antonyms:
careless, acceptable, appropriate, similar, to impede, integrated, awareness,
supporter
7. Answer the questions:
1) What does professional writing require?
2) What may happen due to spelling errors?
3) What does “gobbledygook” consist of?
4) How can the usage of jargon baffle the readers?
5) Should the subject and the words that modify it become separated in a
sentence?
6) What are the most common mistakes in the meaning of words?
7)
Why is it important to proofread a copy even after it has been corrected by a
spell-checker program?
8) What is another gross error in writing?
9) Can excessive words impede understanding?
10) Why should a writer be very carefull with figures?
11) What words are often overused?
12) How can gender bias be avoided?
13) What words are preferable to describe both men and women in the workplace?
14) What is called “politically correct” language?
8
. Paraphrase the italicized words:
1) Gobbledygook and jargon are often seen in news releases about high-tech
products, giving the
uninitiated
reader a
baffling
message.
2) Here are two examples of “overstuffed sentences” and their
remedied
versions.
3) Use numbers
sparingly
in your writing.
4) Some terms (...) don’t exactly
trip o ff
the tongue.
5) ... much of our language
is geared
to the use of the word “man”.
6) Writers are using terms like “Asian-American” instead of the now
pejorative
“Oriental”.
9. Explain the difference between
chalk
and
chock
sole
and
soul
comma
and
coma
10. Make up sentences using the homonyms from the list given in the section
Sound-alike Words.
Translate them into Russian.
*
11. Look up the definitions of the word “sophisticated”.
Give sentences to illustrate them.
12. Find in the text the words which may be used when speaking about
1) the positive charge of the message;
e.g. accuracy and clarity of communication, etc.
2) the negative points of it
e.g. to obscure ideas, a baffling message, etc.
: i ^ r П О А Н Г Л И Й С К О М У Я З Ы К У Д Л Я С Т У Д Е Н Т О В Г У М А Н И Т А Р Н Ы Х В У З О В
21
13. Find in a Russian newspaper or magazine article the examples of
1) jargon and gobbledygook
2) poor sentence structure
3) wrong words
4) redundancies
5) too many numbers
6) politically incorrect words
14. Find in the text the sentences
where Participle I and Participle II are used.
Translate them and explain the usage of the Participles.
15. Insert prepositions:
1) E rro rs.....your writing will brand you..... careless, unprofessional, and
inconsiderate.... your audience.
2) Professional writing requires attention.....detail and repeated review.... your
draft to catch all potential errors.
3) “Gobbledygook” consists.... ponderous words and phrases that obscure simple
ideas.
4) (...) military campaign resulted....the internment.....9.000 Navajo and Apache
Indians.
5) H ow ever,.... a little thought, you can come...........appropriate titles.
6) writers should be sensitive.... words that may offend individuals or groups.
7) Still others object.... the word “disabled”.
8) American companies now refer.... “international” sales.
16. Explain the following statements:
1) Errors also call into question the credibility of the entire message.
2) It will save you embarrassment later.
3) ...such mistakes are the mark of a careless writer.
4) Avoid gender bias by using non-gender-related words.
5) However, critics charge that a flood of euphemisms can cause a loss of clarity
and may result in a kind of political censorship that is not healthy for freedom
of expression.
1
”. Comment on the following statements
Do you agree with them?
1) People can digest a few figures but not a mass of statistics.
2) In today’s world of diversity at all levels of national life, there is increased
sensitivity about which words are used to describe minorities and other groups
of people
18. Speak on the sectors Bias and Politically Incorrect Language analysing the
given examples.
Can you give similar examples in Russian?
19. Give a summary of the unit.
22
W E L C O M E T O T H E W O R L D O F P U B L I C R E L A T I O N S
U N I T
ONE
The basic purpose of public relations writing is to
persuade.
The objective is to
create favorable public opinion about an organization - its policies and actions, its
goods or services. The objective is to influence people. To be an effective public rela
tions writer, you must understand public opinion, why people have opinions, and how
to affect those opinions.
Public Opinion
Public opinion is not just mass opinion. It is the sum of individuals’opinions on a
subject that affects them. For example, the stockholders of a factory (a public) may
favor tiioving to another location, while the employees (a public) may vigorously op
pose the idea. Meanwhile, the general public may be unaware of the controversy or
aware but indifferent. The reason for the varying opinions is the variance in attitudes.
Attitudes and Opinions
An opinion is an expression of attitude. It may be expressed by writing, by speak
ing, by acting, or by not acting. People who fail to express their opinions may do so
because their attitudes are weak or because they don’t\believe that expressing them
selves will do any good.
An attitude is a predisposition to think, speak, or act in a given way about a specific
subject. No one is born with an attitude — all attitudes are learned. Some attitudes are
deeply rooted; when tied into other attitudes, beliefs, and values, they may be very hard
to change.
In the case of the proposed factory move, the opinion of the stockholders is prob
ably based on an attitude concerned with costs and profits. The opinion of the employ-
л