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Harvard alumni
4b Scan the text about American system of higher education and find
sentences which contain key information.
AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
Higher education in the United States includes educational programs which
usually require for admission 12 years of elementary and secondary schooling.
It is carried on under a number of forms.
The most common type of higher education is the college. It requires for
admission graduation from a standard secondary school; its four-year
curriculum leads to the bachelor's degree in arts and sciences.
The American college is known by various titles such as the college of liberal
arts, the college of arts and sciences, the college of literature, science and arts.
The college may be the central unit around which the university is organized, or
it may be a separate corporate entity, independent from the University.
College students usually spend four years at the college and get the Bachelor’s
degree. In contrast to universities, colleges don’t have graduate or professional
programs. Colleges in the USA differ greatly in size – they may include from
100 students to 5000 and more.
The course of study in a community college lasts two years and doesn’t lead
to any degree. Community colleges may give courses in the regular academic
subjects or subjects like dental technology, sewing and other non-academic
subjects. Not all community colleges have high school diplomas.
The university in the United States is an
educational institution comprising
a
college of liberal arts and sciences,
a
professional school leading to a
professional degree and a graduate college (school). A graduate college
provides programs for study and research beyond the levels of the bachelor's
and first professional degree.
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The word "university", however, is also used in a broader sense, for almost
any type of educational institution offering instruction beyond the level of the
secondary school.
Thus in the United States there is some confusion in the use of the terms
"college" and "university". Some institutions that are in fact colleges of liberal
arts have been incorporated in the universities. Some institutions incorporated in
colleges are in fact universities with graduate and professional schools.
In addition to colleges and universities there is a large number of professional
schools, separate from universities. They provide preparation in one or more
professional fields, such as law, music or theology. Junior colleges or
professional schools do not offer the full four-year curriculum leading to a
degree.
An institute of technology is a degree-granting institution that specializes in
science and technology; some of them have graduate study. An institution
offering programs of technological study only at the junior college level is
known as a technical institution.
The university may be funded from several different sources. A publicly
funded university gets some money from the state government. A privately
funded university gets money from private sources only. A university may be
funded by a religious group.
Among the top universities in the USA are: Harvard University, Yale
University, The University of Chicago, Princeton University, Columbia
University and others.
4c Find the English equivalents for:
Образовательная программа; требовать при поступлении; начальное и
среднее образование; осуществляться; окончание средней школы;
программа; приводить к ч-л; степень бакалавра гуманитарных и
технических наук; быть центральным звеном; отдельная составная единица;
иметь
программы,
ведущие
к
степени
выше
бакалавра
или
профессиональной степени; учебный курс; общий колледж; приводить к
получению степени; неакадемический предмет; иметь диплом об окончании
средней школы; образовательное учреждение; включать ч-л (в состав);
колледж свободных искусств и наук; профессиональный колледж /
профессиональное отделение университета; профессиональная степень;
аспирантура; предоставлять программу обучения и исследований; выше
уровня ч-л; давать образование; быть включенным в университет; быть
независимым от университета; давать подготовку в профессиональной
области; первая ступень колледжа; технический институт; учебное
заведение, присваивающее степень; технический колледж; финансироваться
из; источник; получать деньги из частных источников.
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4d Are these sentences true or false?
1.
Educational programs within higher education require for admission 10
years of elementary and secondary schooling.
2.
College students usually spend four years at the college and get the
Master’s degree.
3.
Not all community colleges have high school diplomas.
4.
There is no confusion in the use of the terms "college" and "university" in
the United States.
5.
Professional schools provide preparation in one or more professional
fields.
6.
Junior colleges offer the full four-year curriculum leading to a degree.
7.
The university is funded from several different sources.
4e Read the text carefully. Answer the questions:
1.
What do higher education institutions in the USA require for admission?
2.
What degree does a college lead to?
3.
What sense is the word "college" used in?
4.
What kind of educational institution is the University?
5.
What sense is the word "university" used in?
6.
What kind of preparation do professional schools provide?
7.
What is an institute of technology?
8.
What is the size of colleges and universities in America?
4f Translate into English:
1.
Для поступления в университет или колледж в Америке необходимо
закончить среднюю школу.
2.
В США существует несколько типов вузов: колледж, университет,
профессиональный колледж и др.
3.
Университет обычно состоит из колледжа гуманитарных и
естественных наук, профессионального отделения и аспирантуры.
4.
После 4 лет в университете студент получает степень бакалавра
гуманитарных или естественных наук.
5.
Аспирантура предлагает программы выше уровня степени бакалавра
и первой профессиональной степени.
6.
Университет может иметь колледж в своем составе; колледж может
входить в университет или быть самостоятельной единицей.
7.
Профессиональный колледж — это учебное заведение, существующее
отдельно от университета.
8.
Колледжи
и
университеты
предлагают
программы,
после
прохождения которых присваивается степень бакалавра.
9.
Технические институты также присваивают степени и часто
предлагают курс аспирантуры.
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4g Tell the class about the main features of American colleges and
universities.
5. LISTENING / WATCHING AND WRITING
5a Listen
L4
/
V1
to the information (watch video) about studying at one of
US universities and make key notes. Be ready to answer the following
questions.
1.
Which university is under consideration?
2.
Are foreign students invited to study at the university?
3.
How does it influence the life of students?
4.
Why does the administration of the university pursue such a policy?
5b Find more information about higher education in the UK and the USA.
Write an article about 250 words comparing the two systems of education.
6. READING AND SPEAKING
6a Answer the questions:
1.
Which school did you study in? How long?
2.
What is compulsory education?
3.
What basic facts do you know about the educational system in Russia?
6b Scan the text and answer the questions:
1.
What caused almost 100% literacy in the Soviet Union and post-soviet
Russia?
2.
Why did many state institutions start to open commercial positions?
3.
What are the three major groups of education in Russia?
4.
What are the possibilities of the continuation of education for the 9
th
grade
pupil?
5.
How can a student continue his/her education after obtaining a Certificate
of Complete Secondary Education?
6.
What are the three degrees that are conferred by Russian universities?
7.
Is there a research-based postgraduate education in Russian higher
education establishments?
RUSSIA’S EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Russian education system was originally inherited from
the Soviet Union
without any significant changes. In the Soviet Union, education of all levels was
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free for anybody who could pass entrance exams; students were provided with
small scholarships
and free housing.
It has produced
nearly 100 % literacy.
In the
Soviet Union institutions were funded entirely from the federal and regional
budgets.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, institutions found themselves
unable to provide adequate
teachers’ salaries, students' scholarships,
and to
maintain their facilities.
Many state institutions started to open commercial
positions.
The number of those positions has been growing steadily since then.
Many private higher education institutions have emerged
,
too. In 2004, 35 % of
all first-year students were paying for their own education in state institutions and
20% were enrolled
in
private universities.
Education in Russia may be arranged into
three major groups: secondary
education, higher education
,
and postgraduate education
.
Secondary education in
Russia usually takes eleven years to complete. After graduation from the 9th
grade, which is compulsory, a
pupil obtains a Certificate of Incomplete
Secondary Education. After that a pupil has can either continue education for two
more years at the secondary school, or to go to a Community College
.
The latter
variant usually takes three to four years to complete and provides a pupil with
qualification sufficient for most blue-collar jobs.
After obtaining a Certificate of Complete Secondary Education a student can
enter a University or a Community College. Nowadays, the country has 685
governmental higher education institutions
and 619 non-governmental higher
education establishments (1,162 of which are state-accredited).
In 2003-2004, the
total number of students of higher education institutions was 5,947,500.
There are three different degrees that are conferred
by Russian universities:
Bachelor's Degree (4 years), Specialist's Degree (5-6 years), and Master's Degree
(6
years). Bachelor's degrees
were introduced relatively recently and are
not
offered by many six-year institutions. After obtaining a Specialist's
or Master's
Degree
,
a student may pursue postgraduate education
.
The first level of
postgraduate education is “aspirantura” that usually results in the Candidate of
Sciences Degree
,
roughly equivalent to the Ph. D. in the United States. The
second stage would result in the Doctor's Degree. A Candidate of Sciences
Degree may be
accompanied by honorary degree of
assistant professor
and a
Doctor's Degree may be accompanied by honorary degree of professor.
6c Find the English equivalents for:
быть унаследованным от ч-л; бесплатный; сдать вступительные экзамены;
предоставить к-л стипендии; бесплатное жилье; привести к грамотности;
финансировать институты полностью из федерального и регионального
бюджетов; обеспечить достойную зарплату; студенческая стипендия;
содержать здания; открыть платные места; возникнуть; быть зачисленным;
подразделяться на среднее образование, высшее образование, аспирантуру;
окончание (учебного заведения); обязательный; сертификат о неполном