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G RAS P T H E G RA M M A R
That midwife was givi ng a lot of orders!
Latin uses a particular form of the verb for giving orders: it is called an
imperative.
Look back at pictures
2, 4, 6
and
9.
What do these orders mean?
adiuvaJ porta! relaxa! mane!
Now look at pictures
1
and
2
again. There are two very similar words here
adiuvare
and
adiuva!
The first form
(adiuvare)
is the
infinitive
and it means "to help".
The second form is like the infinitive, but without the final
-re. adiuva!
is the
imperative
or
command
form and it means "help!"
Sometimes we want
to tell someone
not
to do somethi ng.
In Latin we use the words
noli
or
nolite,
which mean "don't" . These
words are followed by the
infinitive.
Look at pictures
3
and 4. Find the two Latin
ph rases that mean "Don't be afraid!"
Why do you think the first one uses
noli
but the second uses
nolTte?
Here are some more
imperatives
for you to practise. Be careful - some are
negative
and some are
positive,
and some are
singular
and some are
plural.
Translate the
phrases and say whether each one is
singular
or
plural.
1
digit6s lavate!
6
festinate!
2
n6li:te dormire!
7
cantate!
3
noli: lacrimare!
8
noli:te pugnare!
4
aquam portate!
9
aedifica!
5
noli currere!
1 0
intrate!
LATI N ROOTS
Use your knowledge of Latin to work out the meaning of the underlined words.
1
Roman engineers built lots of famous
2
If you learn your vocabulary thoroughly you should gain maximum
points in the test.
3
The dog ate your homework? That is not a valid excuse.
4
In Roman times, many invalids came to Bath to take the waters,
hoping for a cure.
5
When I study medicine, part of my course will be obstetrics.
Everyone welcomes
the
twins
�MinT valid! �vnt.
L-ay-c,� �Mino� au..-ipivnt.
Gaius gemin6s in terrarn p6nit .
.
subit6 gernini vagiunt. ornnes laeti sunt.
WO R DS TO H E L P
Nouns
avunculus
(m) uncle
capra
(f) she-goat
cubiculum
(n) bedroom
Lares
(m pi) the
household gods
stellas
(f pi) stars
terra
(f) ground
Verbs
erit
he / she will be
involvit
she wraps up
ponit
he puts
tenet
he holds
vagiunt
they wail
Aqiedives
fortis/fortis/forte
brave
honestus/ alum
honourable / virtuous
Pronouns
hie/haec
this
Rufus is very interested in the twins. Flavius tells him the story
of the most famous twins in Roman history.
ROMUlUS AND REMUS
Long, long ago in Italy, King Numitor of Alba Longa was forced into exile by
his jealous brother, Amulius. Amulius seized the throne. He realised he had to
prevent Numitor's heirs from threatening his position. He murdered Numitor's
sons and tried to prevent Rhea Silvia, Numitor's lovely daughter, from having
children of her own. His evil scheme was foiled when the god Mars fell in love
with Rhea Silvia and she gave birth to twin sons. Furious, Amulius imprisoned
her and ordered the babies to be thrown into the River Tiber. But the twins
survived: they were in a basket that floated ashore. A she-wolf suckled the baby
boys and a woodpecker fed them scraps.
Eventually a shepherd, called Faustinus,
heard their cries. He took the boys home
and he and his wife brought them up.
One day, the brothers were captured and
handed over to Numitor. He suspected
that these boys were his grandsons.
Together they attacked and killed
Amulius, and Numitor became king
once more. Eventually, the twins set
off to found a city of their own but
they quarrelled and Remus was killed.
So Romulus was left to found a new
city alone; he called it Rome.
Romulus, Remus and the
she-wolf from a mosaic found in
Aldborough in Yorkshire