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G RAS P T H E G RA M M A R
In chapter
1
you learnt that a noun is a naming word for a person, a place
or a thing. Nouns can be
described
by words known as
adjectives.
Latin nouns are said to be
masculine, feminine
or
neuter.
("Neuter" means
neither masculine nor feminine.) This is called the
gender
of the noun.
Whenever we use an adjective to describe a noun, it must be the same
gender
as the noun. For example, Rufus is
sollicitus
(masculine) but Lepidina would
be
sollicit�
(feminine).
Look at the four sentences below. In each sentence there is one
noun
and
in each case it is described by one
adj ective.
Copy out each sentence in Latin and then write down what it means in
English. In each sentence, underline the
noun
and the
adj ective.
Then write
the letter
n
above the noun and the letter
a
above the adjective.
1
legiones notissimae sunt.
2
milites Roma ni semper superant.
3
Lepidina laeta non est.
4
bellum periculosum est.
Remember, the only nouns that
have a capital letter in Lati n are the
names of people or places
-
proper
nouns.
How observant are you? In Latin, does
the
adjective
normally come before or
after the
noun?
To help you understand the idea of the
gender
of a noun,
we'll mark it in "Words to help" from now on. Look out for
m
(= masculine),
f
(= fem inine) and
n
(= neuter). We'll give the
masculine, fem inine and neuter forms of adjectives too.
LATI N ROOTS
Use your knowledge of Latin to explain the underlined word in each sentence.
1
If a striker scores the winning goal in a cup final, he will
achieve notable success.
2
I hope to play the
boy in next year's pantomime.
3
The boats will be moored in the marina during the summer.
4
It is
to walk along the edge of a roof.
S
You may feel rather timid when you start a new school.
6
You need to take a transatlantic flight to go to the United States.
Did you get the last one right? Now have a competition:
see how many words you can find in English which begin
with "trans-". All these words come from Latin. If you're
stuck, use your d ictionary!
ROMAN REPORT
Joining up
Iulius is eighteen and he is about to join the Roman army. Before
being accepted, he has to pass a fitness test and promise that he
will be loyal to the Roman emperor. Since his f ather Flavius is
prefect of the camp, Iulius will join the army as an officer, called a
tribune.
He will join a legion called
11
Traiana. This is a new legion,
assembled by the emperor Trajan specia lly for the wars in D acia.
(Today this country is called Romania.)
Check the eviclence
When we want to find out about a Roman emperor ( what he did,
what he looked like, what sort of person he was) we need to check
the evidence carefully. Sometimes we have archaeological remains
that show what the emperor built, for example Hadrian's Wall in
the north of Britain. Sometimes we have accounts by ancient
writers that tell us about his character, for example Suetonius
wrote a work called
Lives of the Emperors.
Sometimes we have coins
and statues that show what the emperor looked like. In the case of
Trajan, we can see Trajan's forum in Rome and the column that
was built in his honour to show his victories in D acia. We also
have several written accounts of his character and achievements.
He was loved by all
and dreaded by none
save the enemy.
Cassius Dio
When it comes to public
?
uilding, you [ Trajan] do
It on a grand scale.
Pliny
�
Bust of Trajan in the
British Museum
The family says go
odbye
Pandora suaviter cantat
et perite saltat.
GoVI..,thC-, ffat,a<; tlDI
ag
I
I.., ho& IIDvo <;v..,t mvltac-
Minimus stridet et circum
IU lium curri t.
WO R DS TO H E LP
Noun
s
Verbs
cenam
(f)
dinner
bibunt
they drink
donum
(n) present
cape!
take
filium
(m) son
colligit
she collects
librum
(m) book
coquit
he cooks
vestimenta
(n plural)
custodi!
take care of
clothes
habeo
I have
mulcet
he strokes
Pronoun
murmurat
she purrs
tibi
for you
pugnant
they fight
rident
they laugh
[dioll]
saltat
she dances
gratias tibi ago
stridet
he squeaks
I thank you
Adiedives
frigidus/aJum
cold
meus/aJum
my
parvus/aJum
small
Adv
e
rb
s
intente
closely
iocose
playfully
leniter
gently
optime
very well
perite
skilfully
suaviter
sweetly
Nouns can be either
singular
(l ike "book") or
plural
(l ike "clothes").
We'll mark plural nouns with a
pi
after the gender in "Words to help"
from now on.
How do they feel?
Iulius is about to go on a long journey to D acia and his family will not see
him for a long time.
How do you think each of them feels about his journey? Imagine that Iulius
was your older brother. How would you feel? Why will the journey be more
dangerous for Iulius than it would be today?
G RAS P T H E G RA M M A R
In the picture story on pages
1 3
and
14
we saw that
adj ectives
describe
nouns,
for example the emperor
(imperator)
was described as "best"
(optimus) .
In this story, some of the
verbs
are made more interesting by adding an
adverb .
Adverbs tell us
how
the action is done, for example Pandora sings "sweetly" . In
English, many adverbs end in -ly .
But be careful! Some adverbs don't follow this pattern. For exam ple, i n
the sentence "Vibrissa catches m ice well", the word "well" is the adverb.
You can remember the word "adverb"
because it
adds
to the
verb
.
Have another look at the picture story. See how many
adj ectives
and
adverbs
you can find. Then make two columns, one for the adjectives
and one for the adverbs. Write each word down in Latin first and
then in English.
Corinthus tries to reassure Lepidina by telling the story of the famous Greek hero,
Odysseus, who eventually arrived home safely after many exciting adventures.
ODYSSEUS AT SEA
After the Greeks defeated the Trojans and destroyed their city, they all set sail
for Greece. The hero Odysseus took ten years to travel back to his home in
Ithaca. This was because he had many adventures on the way. One day, he and
his men had to sail past the Sirens. These were terrible creatures who had the
heads and voices of women but the bodies of birds. They sang so sweetly that
they lured passing sailors to their death on the rocks of their island. Odysseus
had a cunning plan. He was curious
to hear the singing himself but he did
not want to endanger his ship. He
made his crew fill their ears with
beeswax so that they could not hear
the singing. Odysseus did not put
wax in his own ears but asked his
men to tie him securely to the mast
of the ship. As they approached the
Sirens and Od ysseus heard their
beautiful song, he was very tempted
to leap overboard, but the ropes held
him tightly and his men rowed
frantically until they had sailed
safely past.