Файл: Программа по английскому языку включает лексический и грамматический материал, необходимый для чтения и понимания литературы по специальности.doc

страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.

1.? built these houses about 25 years ago. 2. ? must keep the sick child warm. 3. ? has translated Shakespeare's plays into many languages. 4. ? will open the new University next October.

3. 
   Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в
   

скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.

1. 
   will be (to teach) – Mr Green – this class – next year.
   
2. 
   this film – at least a million people – has been (to see).
   
3. 
   prefer – men – to be (to teach) - most boys.
   
4. 
   was (to head) - the Minister of Foreign Affairs – the delegation - by.
   
5. 
   Oxford – he – at – was (to educate).
   

3. 
   Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог,
   

используя слова they, we, somebodyв качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.

1. Food is eaten with chopsticks in China. 2. It was decided to refer the problem to a committee. 3. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published. 4. Electric cars will be widely used in future. 5. The radar has been used for automatic control of ground transport.

3. 
   Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
   

предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов todo, tobe, tohave.

1.You have to come to the language laboratory as often as possible. 2. This material does not possess elastic properties. 3. The exam was to start in the morning. 4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations. 5. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light. 6. The kind of electrolyte used has no effect on the electromotive force. 7. Man has made numerous inventions to increase the range of radio and TV transmissions. 8. Our task is to buy all their equipment. 9. What kinds of operations does the modern computer perform? 10. Don't do it!

3. 
   Трансформируйте следующие предложения в
   

придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз Iknew, Ithought, Hesaid. Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных

дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.

1. My friend was born in Moscow, and since that time he has been living there. 2. The goods that have been exported from Sweden are of high quality. 3. The books you need are in great demand everywhere. 4. The letter of congratulation was sent in advance, and they certainly have got it. 5. Various registers are interconnected. 6. Each storage location in the storage section is numbered, like post-office boxes. 7. We must get the samples. I admit the complexity of this. 8. Franklin didn’t know what electricity was, but he knew it could be passed through a metal wire. 9. A high level language is a language in which each instruction or statement corresponds to several machine code instructions. 10.The printers are used only as output units.

3. 
   Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих
   

высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor

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saysthatAlec’sanswerwasrathergoodand……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, ProfessorsaidthatAlec’sanswerhadbeenrathergoodand……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!

Professor: Your answer was rather good. Would you answer a few extra questions?

Alec: I’ll try.

Professor: What can the computer do with the information?

Alec: It can calculate, compare and copy the information stored in its memory.

Professor: What kinds of memory do you know?

Alec: RAM and ROM.

Professor: What is RAM?

Alec: RAM stands for Random Access Memory, because information can be transferred into and out of any single byte of memory.

Professor: And what does ROM stand for?

Alec: ROM is Read Only Memory. It is a firmmade permanent memory chip for program storage.

Professor: Good. Your answers are excellent.

Alec: Thank you, Professor. I’m pleased, as Programming has always been my favourite subject.

3. 
   Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в прямой речи.
   

When Alec and Bob met Alec said that he had some questions about the computer interface. So he wanted Bob to explain some aspects to him. Bob answered in the positive.

The first question Alec asked concerned the notion of an interface. He added that people often used the English equivalent of that term and seemed not to differentiate between the types of interfaces. Bob explained that the interface was an interconnection between hardware, software and people. When Alec inquired what hardware interface consisted of Bob told that that type of the interface consisted of physical channels, cables, or wires that connected and exchanged electronic signals between CPU and peripherals or between any two units.

Then Alec was interested to learn what software interfaces connected in particular and Bob told that they were specific messages established between programs. Alec remembered that software interfaces were application programs, Data Base Management Systems and the operating programs. He thanked Bob and added that he felt ready to pass his exam in programming successfully.

3. 
   Сгруппируйте предложения в зависимости от функции
   

герундия, а затем переведите на русский язык.

1. Casting is a process of forming metal objects. 2. Numerous methods have been developed for producing metal castings. 3. The test needed increasing the temperature of the metal. 4. There are some ways of obtaining high quality alloys. 5. Aluminum has a melting point of 658.7° C. 6. Melting may be done in cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces, etc. 7. Some metals require treatment before being placed in the melting furnace. 8. We know of electric furnaces being used for the production of high-grade castings. 9. Plastics are a new group of materials replacing natural products. 10. We know of Newton's having developed principles of mechanics.

3. 
   Перепишите предложения. Переведите группы выделенных
   

слов, а затем и все предложение на русский язык.

1. In building new metallurgical factories, engineers have to solve many different problems. 2. In melting steel, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces and converters are used. 3. Liquids and gases expand on heating.

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4. On completing the construction, the machine was tested in operation. 5. Casting is a process of forming metal objects by melting metal and pouring

it into molds. 6. By introducing new methods the engineers increased the speed of manufacture. 7. High-quality programs can't be produced without employing qualified programmers. 8. Magnets made by rubbing pieces of iron against natural magnets are called artificial magnets. 9. Scientists succeeded in developing means of obtaining a synthetic rubber. 10. The hardening process consists in heating steel and cooling it in water.

3. 
   Сравните приводимые ниже предложения с инфинитивом
   

и покажите разницу их структурных моделей через перевод.

1.To obtain steel of the desired quality is the main subject of the experiments carried out in the research laboratory. To obtain steel of the desired quality the research laboratory carried out a lot of experiments. 2. To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary. To develop a new method of cutting metals the engineers made some interesting experiments. 3. To design new machine tools a mechanical engineer must study much. To design new machine tools is the task of a mechanical engineer

3. 
   Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения с
   

инфинитивом в функции определения.

1. Engineers must know the best and most economical materials to use and understand the properties of these materials and how they can be worked. 2. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. 3. The problem to be discussed at the conference is of great importance. 4. Much was done to make the work engineers easier. 5. Russian scientists were the first to synthesize diamonds. 6. The road to be built next year will connect these two towns.

3. 
   Определите, является ли Vingформа причастием
   

настоящего времени или герундием. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   While decoding was taking place, other parts of the control section
   

were prepared for the following operation. 2. We can get a better idea of the use and operation of a computer by looking at an example. 3. Programming with machine language requires knowledge of the computer and its internal connections. 4. Assembly language programming is easier to use. 5. Everything we supply to the computer for processing must be converted into binary form. 6. The cells are arranged as groups, storing a

number of bits together as a byte. 7. Obtaining a byte from storage and moving it to the control block is called the fetch part of the computation cycle. 8. Input to the register is called data, and is in the form of one binary digit following the other. 9. The register is capable of processing four bits. 10. The table accompanying Fig.1 will help follow data through the register.

3. 
   Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий
   

текст.

Computers may have a short history but prior to their development,

there were many other ways of doing calculations. These calculations were done using devices that are still used today; the slide rule being a perfect example, not to mention the ten fingers of the hands. These machines, unlike computers, are non-electronic and were replaced by faster calculating devices. It wasn’t until the mid-1940s that the first digital computer was built. The post-war industrial boom saw the development of computers take shape. By the 1960s, computers were faster than their predecessors and semiconductors had replaced vacuum tubes only to be replaced in a few years by tiny integrated circuit boards. Due to microminiaturization in the 1970s, these circuits were etched onto wafer-thin rectangular pieces of silicon. This integrated circuitry is known as a chip and is used in microcomputers of all types.

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It has been forecasted that exceptionally faster and smaller computers

will replace those in use today.
Вариант 2

1. 
   Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них
   

глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive

1.Only in a few cases it has been possible to prepare material and devices in which the theoretical performance has been realized. 2. Various kinds of amplifiers had been used by that time. 3. Recently, much attention has been given to the study of this phenomenon. 4.The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors. 5.The risks of going into orbit round the Earth, of returning to Earth are incalculable – an entirely new degree of human courage has been demanded. 6. The Newton’s law of motion can be subjected to criticism. 7. Remember that

promises must be kept. 8. The room ahs not been slept in for many years. 9. We were listened to with much surprise. 10. This task must have been started by our opponents.

2. 
   Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в
   

страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.

1. ? has not found the lost child yet. 2. ? The letters will be ready in a few minutes. ? is typing them now. 3. You can't go into the sitting room. ? is painting the walls. 4. When the doctor called to see the baby, ? was feeding him.

3. 
   Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках
   

поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.

1. was (to blow off) – my hat – the wind.

2. 
   her birthday – any of her friends – wasn’t (to forget).
   
3. 
   children – their grandparents – are often (to spoil).
   
4. 
   she – in the library – every day – can be (to see).
   
5. 
   next year – is (to invite) – to England – she – to come.
   

4. 
   Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя
   

слова they, we, somebodyв качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.

1. It is known that he can show us how to calculate using the computer.

2. The experiments on the new microcomputer must be finished in a month. 3. The last word will be said by the judge. 4. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпуса автомобилей). 5. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

5. 
   Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие
   

предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов todo, tobe, tohave.

1. Men had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun. 2. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays. 3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy. 4. The term Integrated Circuit is used to describe a group of electronic elements connected together. 5.It is necessary to use film circuits where the ratio of passive to active devices is high. 6. Some of the properties, which we now associate with semiconductors, have been known for a century or more. 7. Tubes have to be replaced by transistors in amplifiers. 8. They will do their work in time. 9.Don't allow the children to play in the street. 10. Did you buy flowers?

6. 
   Трансформируйте следующие предложения в придаточные
   

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дополнительные, начав с фраз Iknew, Ithought, Hesaid. Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.

1. 
   If the weather is fine on Sunday, we shall go to the country. 2. His
   

knowledge in English is quite satisfactory though he makes some grammar mistakes. 3. Faraday produced electricity through magnetism, which had never been done before. 4. Last month my colleague went abroad where he intended to stay for two weeks. 5. We must speed up the work. I understand the necessity of this. 6. Each line can be programmed for input or output. 7. Some substances are alike in their properties but differ in their mass. 8. I have to do a lot of work about the house: washing up, doing the flat, cooking are my duties. 9. The first international chess match was played over 100 years ago. 10. Much attention will be given to artificial intelligence techniques applicable to problem solving and to man-machine interface.

7. 
   Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих
   

высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor saysthatAlec’sanswerwasrathergoodand……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, ProfessorsaidthatAlec’sanswerhadbeenrathergoodand……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!

Professor: Your answer was rather good. Would you answer a few extra questions?

Alec: I'll try.

Professor: You know, a chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit. What elements does it contain?

Alec: A chip contains several hundred thousand electronic components – transistors, resistors and others.

Professor: Are there any other terms, which are synonymous to chip?

Alec: Yes, there are. They are integrated circuits and microelectronics.

Professor: What types of chips can you describe?

Alec: Logic chips and Memory chips. Logic chips perform some or all the functions of a processor. Memory chips are storage cells.

Professor: May larger computers use several types of microprocessors?

Alec: Yes, of course. Even desk computers use one or more microprocessors.

Professor: Your answer is good so you get a five.

Alec: Thank you, Professor, good-bye.

8. 
   Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в
   

прямой речи.

When Alec met his friend David he said that he was interested to know what a programming language was. He knew each computer had a repertoire of operations to perform. So he wanted David to explain him if the notions a “machine language” and a “programming language” were the same.

David agreed and began. He said that to perform a task a user must choose the appropriate instructions from the repertoire and sequence them properly. So the means of specifying the instructions and their sequencing was called the “programming language”.

Then Alec guessed that machine language was in reality a programming language and David said that his friend was quite right. He only emphasized that it was the lowest level programming language, the language of binary 1’s and 0’s. Alec remembered that computer hardware understood only a binary program but he wanted if there were any drawbacks to machine level coding.

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