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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ГЕРУНДИЙ

ИНФИНИТИВ

УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ЭМФАЗА Эмфатические конструкции служат для выделения того или иного члена предложения.1. Усилительное doДля усиления сказуемого в Present и Past Simple употребляется глагол do в соответствующем времени, который стоит перед смысловым глаголом. При переводе используются слова действительно, на самом деле, фактически.She does know the subject well.Она действительно знает этот предмет хорошо.Если в предложении имеются слова actually, really, indeed,то do не переводится.Если предложение вводится союзами although, though,то do переводится словами все же, хотя, однако.Although such compounds are practically unknown, the substances 1 and 2 do yield such complexes.Хотя такие соединения практически неизвестны, вещества 1 и 2 все же дают такие комплексы.2. Обратный порядок словОбратный порядок слов используется для выделения второстепенных членов предложения. Выделяемый член предложения выносится на первое место.Nowhere could he be found.Его нигде нельзя было найти.Если сказуемое стоит в Present и Past Simple, то при обратном порядке слов перед подлежащим стоит вспомогательный глагол do.Only in this paper did we find the necessary data.Только в этой статье мы нашли необходимые данные.Иногда на первое место выносятся причастие I, причастие II или прилагательное. Перевод таких предложений нужно начинать с дополнения или обстоятельства, стоящих после вынесенного на первое место слова.Related to this are many factors.С этим связаны многие факторы.Обратный порядок слов употребляется в эмфатических предложениях, вводимых союзами so, neither, nor. Переводятся с помощью слов тоже, а также и, а также не.He swims very well. So do I.Он очень хорошо плавает. И я тоже.He can’t drive. Neither can I.Он не умеет водить машину. И я тоже.Nor should we forget the importance of this factor.А также мы не должны забывать о важности этого фактора.3. Эмфатические уступительные предложенияImportant as this work is (may be), it does not cover the problem on the whole.Какой бы важной ни была эта работа, она не охватывает данную проблему в целом.However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.Какой бы сложной ни была эта проблема, мы должны решить ее.4. Двойное отрицаниеОтрицание not в сочетании с отрицательными приставками прилагательных или наречий un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, dis- усиливает любые члены предложения, кроме подлежащего и дополнения. Такое сочетание переводится словами довольно, весьма, вполне.This is not impossible.Это вполне возможно.This is not uncommon.Это довольно обычно.Вместо отрицания not может стоять выражение by no means.This is by no means unreasonable.Это вполне разумно.5. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit is...that (which, who)Выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Акцент передается словом именно.It is he who helped me.Именно он помог мне.It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.Именно язык помогает нам общаться друг с другом.6. Эмфатическое сочетаниеit was not until...that Служит для выделения обстоятельства времени. Переводится словами только; только тогда, когда; только после.It was not until 1992 that the book was published.Книга была опубликована только в 1992 году.It was not until his book was published for the second time, that it became widely known.Только после того, как его книга была опубликована во второй раз, она стала хорошо известной.Вариантом этой конструкции является сочетание not... until after.His book was not published until after the war.Его книга была опубликована только после войны.УПРАЖНЕНИЯЧАСТЬ 1Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык. We did apply mathematical methods. A theorist does need to know experimental techniques. Not only does science explain natural phenomena but it also finds ways for their practical application. Not only does scientific information grow quantitatively but it also changes qualitatively. Not only was the relativity theory an achievement in itself, but it also paved the way for later discoveries. Not only did he collect new data but he also interpreted them. Not only did he describe the mechanism but he also explained it. Of special interest is his recent theory. Of great value are our recent results. Of prime importance is efficient organization of research. This rate of the reaction is not impossible. This effect is not improbable. It is he who is interested in speeding up the work. It is he who insists on revising the program. It was Rutherford who discovered the atomic nucleus. It is Smith who objects to including this question in the program. It is these experiments that provided the basis for further research. It is these data that deserve special attention. It was not until World War II that antibiotics were first used. It was not until 17th century that the law of gravitation was formulated. It was not until 13th century that the first clock was made. It was not until 1930 that the first nuclear reaction was observed. It was not until 1957 that the first satellite was launched. It was not until 18th century that the first classification of animals and plants was made. It was not until 19th century that the nature of electricity became known. It was not until recently that computers have become widely used. It was not until recently that lasers have found wide application. It was not until recently that the structure of viruses has become known. The theoretical aspects of this phenomenon will not be treated until later. The reaction did not start until the next morning. Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык. He said he would come and he did come. We do not know much of the author. But we do know that all three poems were written by him. Humour is not missing in his work. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays. Not infrequently the primary meaning of a word dies away and the derivative meaning remains. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. The changes of sound here are not irregular. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting. It is Greek that she wants to study. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. The first part of his work did not come out until 1940. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources. Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes. Lying inside the box was a small ring. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of the character of this poetry. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough. Nor can the author resist the temptation of displaying his erudition and introducing foreign words. The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiasoleuntil 1879. The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later. It is not improbable that an inversion of configuration took place. It has not been until recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question. However, what actually does occur remains obscure. Experiments showed that the starting products did indeed contain impurities. Not only did Osborne isolate many new proteins of vegetable origin, but described them in detail. Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Notable are relatively low sensitivities of that substance. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Important as the decisions were, they did not solve the problem confronting them. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Only recently have we appreciated the potentialities in this field. It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. Plotted on the diagram are the curves of production growth versus automation. The figure of merit, useful criterion as it is, must be used with reserve. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. We failed to estimate the variables, nor do we know how to evaluate the performance of the system. Closely relating to the problem of memory capacity is the problem of miniaturization. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Hardly had this result been ignored. ЧАСТЬ 2Переведите на русский язык. This system does perform well. Electrical Tokamak does not have the typically high magnetic field capacity of other tokamaks, but it does have a relatively large major radius of 5m. In practice, there do exist sources of thermal neutrons, namely media interfaces in nuclear reactors. Experience with these systems in high-energy physics is limited. Introductory literature does exist. The above amplitudes do indeed form the triangle of Eq.6. To demonstrate that instability does indeed occur, and to estimate how strong it is, we must compute the eigenvalues of the matrix M. Nevertheless, we do have quite a few pieces of the puzzle. Instead, not only does the generator produce the correct code automatically, but it also allows hacks such as the propagation of the minus sign to be implemented with just a couple of lines of code. Not always, however, can this limit be used. Not only is there a shift in the diamond line, but it is also split. Not only are well-ordered note-books useful when you write a paper, but the prompt recording of summaries compels you to give critical thought to each experiment at the best time. Also shown is the mass spectrum when the detector material is included in front. Arriving at CERN from Novosibirsk’s Budker Institute are magnets for the two transfer lines. Commonly used in this application would be a common-collection amplifier or a transformer with a high primary-to-secondary turns ratio. Of particular interest in solid state detectors is the p-n junction. There is no turning back here, if the called programme terminates, so does this process. Use this device sparingly, however: otherwise you will be in trouble, and so shall I. As it happened, this stacking programme was never used, and neither was the slow extraction. This essay is not a complete text-book on “How to write...”. Neither is it designed to replace existing works on literary style or the editorial directives issued by many journals. However the initial and final hadrons wave-functions, the quantities that describe these hadrons in terms of their quark content, are not perturbatively known, nor do they contain only hard quarks. This is not a problem which has been solved entirely, nor is it likely ever to be. Such theories do not in general require any new low-energy CP-violation mechanism, neither do they forbid it. The problem of dealing with soft hadronic physics effects is not unique for calculations of two body decays, nor are the general statements made below about methods and symmetry limits special to those days. Different as Einstein’s and Newton’s theories are, within the solar system their results are almost identical. Low as the forces on the spacecraft are, they are not zero. Important as this area is, it is not where I want to spend my time in this paper. Slight departures from these expectations are not unlikely. It is the bunched beam that radiates. It is the geometry of the iron in the pole regions that chiefly determines the field distribution in the gap. It is this slow superimposed motion which contains “all the FEL physics”. It is this simple renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has let us derive specific quantitative predictions for experimental results. It is this regenerative function that allows a trigger pulse to push the flip-flop from one stable state to the other. It was Rutherford who realized the need for an accelerator and who encouraged his colleagues Cockroft and Walton to build the first machine for nuclear physics research. It was for this reason that Bosch developed the “Controller Area Network.” It was, however, not until the end of the Second World War that the development of linear accelerators really started. II It is the subsequent deexcitation processes that lead to chemical reactions in heterogeneous photocatalysis process. The use of copper dopant, not expected to block the formation of nickel carbide, does result in a strong decrease in cooking and in the formation of “octopus” type carbon at higher dopant levels. It is the growing intensity of this species that accounts for much of the increased center-of-mass of the NMR lineshape with increased alkali content. Conspicuous by its absence in the spectra of all of these catalysts is a sharp peak at 124 ppm corresponding to gaseous CO2. Evaluating this possibility, an XPS study on supported ruthenium catalysts showed that the Ru core-level binding energies do shift upon the addition of alkali salts, and the shifts are similar regardless of the choice of counterion. These results agree well with the earlier work and so do the values reported by Kramer et al. It were researchers in radiation chemistry who first started to look at the mechanism of chemical reactions involving the plasma state. The enhanced oxygen ion diffusion in SCFC does provide superior cathodic performance compared to LSCF at 700ºC. As predicted from model ii, the thio effect for rS does approach 1 at high pH. During exposure to this cycled environment, gradual sintering does occur, but is less rapid than for treatment in a single gas at the same temperature. It does seem, however, that we have reached a point where the picture of chromatin structure, at least in its more elementary aspects, has clarified to the point where a coherent presentation is possible. There does seem to be general agreement concerning the timing of changes in ADP-ribozylation histones during the cell cycle. Proofreading does indeed operate during DNA synthesis. This may be an indication that the possible allosteric effect of pyrophosphate does only occur if the enzyme is acting in a dimer complex. Although some scattering does exist, these data can be reasonably correlated by the following equation. Only for zirconium did they obtain comparable distinctions. It seems, therefore, that in only one of the cases tested does O-methylthreonine take part in an aminoacylation / deacylation cycle. Only subsequently did the viral DNA migrate to the nucleus, where it underwent integration. Also noted in both small and large intestine was the presence of high molecular weight bands. Compared in Fig.9 are the maximum yields in furan and crotonaldehyde from butadiene on these samples as a function of the number of added V atoms. As the surface coverage increases, so does the vapour pressure. There are no reports, to my knowledge, of cytoplasmic methylation of histones. However, neither is there proof, that even type II enzymes are excluded from nuclei in vivo. The sites and extent of this modification are unknown. Nor is it clear whether glycozylation of histones is a general phenomenon or merely a peculiarity of T. I heard Max Delbruck lecture, but I don’t think I understand the significance of who he was, nor was I influenced by him to go into molecular biology. Although the DNA structure is clearly of the B type, present resolution does not allow an exact determination of the number of residues per turn. Nor can the exact number of turns be determined, for the ends of the DNA are not distinct. It is not impossible that one or more substances might have general application. DNA regions with these sequence characteristics are not uncommon in the cellular genome. It is not uncommon for labeling to be spread over a large number of components. It seems not unreasonable that the DNA-EDTA-Fe(II) probes do not bind Watson-Crick DNA in slightly basic solutions and consequently do not produce cleavage under these conditions. It is not unreasonable to assume therefore that below

Приложение 1

Приложение 2

Приложение 3



Упр. 3. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Спрашивать его об этом было бесполезно.

  2. Понять это явление сложно.

  3. Разработка этой проблемы не дала результатов.

  4. Разработка этой проблемы заняла 2 года.

  5. Мы начали обсуждать этот вопрос месяц назад.

  6. Он продолжал проводить эксперименты.

  7. Он начал обрабатывать научные данные.

  8. Стоит прочитать эту книгу.

  9. Стоит послушать этого лектора.

  10. Стоит обсудить этот вопрос.

  11. Бесполезно спрашивать его об этом.

  12. Бесполезно спорить.

  13. Я не могу не поехать туда.

  14. Я не могу не поговорить с ним.

  15. Они сообщают, что наблюдали новое явление.

  16. Он сообщает, что решил эту задачу.

  17. Ребёнку нравится, когда ему читают.

  18. Ему удалось получить надёжные результаты.

  19. Он настаивал на применении этого метода.

  20. Это помешало воспроизвести результаты.

  21. Это изменение явилось результатом применения новой методики.

  22. Открытие привело к возникновению новых областей исследования.

  23. Мы проверили данные анализом кривых.

  24. Лекарство действует прямо, не вызывая побочных эффектов.

  25. Нет необходимости делать поправки.

Упр. 4. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. I remember seeing Dr. White at the last conference.

  2. He suggested setting up a program committee for this symposium.

  3. It is worth considering in this connection some other contributions to this field.

  4. This technique is certainly worth trying.

  5. The work is no doubt worth mentioning here.

  6. I suggest exchanging the latest information on this subject.

  7. Avoid giving too general definitions of these phenomena.

  8. In evaluating the data avoid jumping to conclusions.

  9. This group of workers succeeded in showing the invalidity of the previously existing theory of gene action.

  10. These cells differ from the others in having a larger nucleus.

  11. These measures prevent the particles from leaving the interaction zone.

  12. Each research centre is interested in training a younger generation of efficient scientists.

  13. Some people insist on including this question in the conference program.

  14. We object to attributing to this substance the role of a catalyst in synthetic processes.

  15. The first series of experiments was aimed at establishing a correlation between these two mechanisms.

  16. We are now engaged in classifying a large body of data concerning these organisms.

  17. These warnings will keep us from making the same mistake.

  18. Scientific meetings aid in exchanging information.

  19. Lack of active contacts among scientists results in duplicating some investigations.

  20. Some of our failures result from underestimating the importance of theory in research.

  21. We object to using a different technique.

  22. Would you mind sending me a copy of your conference paper?

  23. We’ll appreciate having a copy of your paper given at the conference.

  24. He has no objection to receiving this group of scientists at the time indicated in the letter.

  25. I look forward to seeing you at the conference next year.


Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Использование этого метода привело к получению обнадёживающих результатов.

  2. Используя этот метод, мы воспроизводим данные.

  3. Использовав этот метод, мы воспроизвели данные.

  4. При проведении наблюдений избегайте ошибок.

  5. Стоит обсудить эту проблему.

  6. Цель этой статьи – проанализировать полученные данные.

  7. Они занимаются изучением этого явления.

  8. Они ответственны за применение результатов.

  9. Тест ставил целью избежать ошибок в будущем.

  10. Это изменение явилось результатом применения нового подхода.

  11. Ему удалось доказать свою теорию.

  12. Стоит упомянуть несколько точек зрения.

  13. Такие образцы получают с помощью применения следующего метода.

  14. Он занят подготовкой доклада.

  15. Эту лекцию стоит послушать.

  16. Проведение эксперимента требует определённых навыков.

  17. Проводя эксперимент, будьте осторожны.

  18. Цель этой статьи состоит в том, чтобы показать взаимосвязь между этими явлениями.

  19. Бесполезно говорить об этом.

  20. Есть ли какой-либо способ сделать это?

Упр. 6. Переведите на русский язык.


  1. Dr. Brown’s being absent was very strange.

  2. In spite of not having any university education, Faraday made his great discoveries.

  3. So far only the quantum theory has succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation.

  4. We account for the incompleteness of a reaction by its being reversible.

  5. They objected to the data being published before all the experiments were completed.

  6. Substituting this value in our equation, we get the following formula.

  7. Being in London he visited Westminster Abbey.

  8. Everything depends upon the substance being used.

  9. He insisted on his being examined by a physician.

  10. There is little probability of atmosphere being on that planet.

  11. The house stood on the cliff overlooking the bay.

  12. He doesn’t like being disturbed.

  13. George is a bit difficult. And at first she may not like you being here.

  14. We hope she’ll enjoy playing with you.

  15. George was there too, buttering a piece of toast.

  16. Soon they heard George’s voice coming down from the cliff behind them.

  17. In a few moments he was back again, carrying four fat chocolate ice-cream bars.

  18. She was very strong and very fast, and she could swim under water, holding her breath for ages.

  19. George said nothing, but went on eating her plum pie.

  20. Timothy jumped into the boat, waving his big tail.

  21. The others watched George and Julian swimming.

  22. It is worth taking Timothy with us.

  23. It is hardly worth while rowing all the way there.

  24. They had all been so interested in exploring the exciting old castle that not one of them had noticed the sudden change in the weather.

  25. I’ve never heard the sea making such an awful noise.



Упр. 7. Продолжите предложения.


  1. I am engaged in

  2. I look forward to

  3. We insist on

  4. I suggest

  5. She succeeded in

  6. I feel like

  7. I avoid

  8. He enjoys

  9. Do you regret not

  10. We should stop

  11. Do you admit

  12. You should give up

  13. The paper aims at

  14. Mistakes resulted from

  15. Mistakes resulted in

  16. Go on

  17. Would you mind

  18. He denies

  19. Does having good working conditions involve



Упр. 8. Продолжите предложения.

  1. I am interested in

  2. I am fond of

  3. My favourite occupation is

  4. It is worth (while)

  5. It’s no use

  6. It’s no good

  7. I can’t help but

  8. I’m engaged in

  9. I don’t like

  10. I stopped

  11. I suggest

  12. I look forward to


Упр. 9. Продолжите предложения.

  1. Our research resulted in

  2. The success of the first space research program resulted from

  3. The scientists succeeded in

  4. Pure science aims at

  5. Traditionally physicists were engaged in

  6. A nuclear physicist is interested in

  7. Academician B. was the first to insist on

  8. Adequate theories often prevented scientists from

  9. This group of engineers is responsible for

  10. The advent of computers aided in

  11. I never think of

  12. If you want to succeed in

  13. A true scientist is interested in

  14. Our group leader always insists on

  15. Finding an adequate solution will aid in

  16. Fundamental research aims at

  17. These measures prevent the particles from

  18. We object to

  19. These experiments differ in

  20. Some teachers object to


Упр. 10. Переведите на английский язык.

  1. Идея поиска компромиссного решения этой проблемы много обсуждалась в литературе.

  2. Вопрос финансирования этого проекта вызвал бурную дискуссию.

  3. Разработка этой проблемы не дала результатов.

  4. Использование этого метода привело к получению надежных результатов.

  5. Цель этой статьи заключается в том, чтобы проанализировать полученные данные.

  6. Мы проверили данные анализом кривых.

  7. Он возражал против применения новой методики.

  8. Это несоответствие явилось результатом применения нового подхода.

  9. У нас нет возможности воспроизвести результаты.

  10. Отсутствие времени помешало получить надежные данные.

  11. Это открытие привело к разработке новой методики.

  12. При доказательстве этого положения мы будем использовать следующую теорию.

  13. Открытие привело к возникновению новой области исследования.

  14. Есть некоторые основания поставить под сомнение это утверждение.

  15. Есть некоторая вероятность того, что это так.

  16. Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос.

  17. Я не могу не упомянуть следующий факт.

  18. То, что гипотеза верна, было ясно с первого взгляда.

  19. Он получил доказательство того, что его гипотеза верна.

  20. Это заключение не зависит от того, верно ли А.


Упр. 11. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя формы герундия или причастия.

  1. Я чувствовал, как бьется моё сердце.

  2. Вы жалеете, что приехали сюда?

  3. Я помню, что уже читал эту книгу.

  4. Компьютер сломался, не проработав и года.

  5. Он извинился за то, что не встретил нас.

  6. Не спав всю ночь, я чувствовал себя уставшим.

  7. Истратив все деньги, мы пошли домой.

  8. Ты жалеешь, что проигнорировал совет отца?

  9. Куда ты пошел, уйдя с вечеринки?

  10. Приехав из Африки, он привез львенка и обезьянку.

  11. Он сидел в кресле, читая газету.

  12. Несколько человек ждут вас там.

  13. Он отрицает, что говорил это.

  14. Я не возражаю против того, чтобы поехать туда.

  15. Я не возражаю, чтобы ты поехал туда.

  16. Я возражаю против того, чтобы ты здесь курил.

  17. Нет причины приходить так рано.

  18. Он ушел не попрощавшись.

  19. Этот фильм стоит посмотреть.

  20. Твое выздоровление зависит от того, следуешь ли ты советам врача.

  21. Я удивлен тем, что он пропускает так много занятий.

  22. Я удивлен тем, что он пропустил так много занятий.

  23. Имеется доказательство того, что Полинг ошибся.

  24. Это обусловлено тем, что реакция проходит при низкой температуре.

  25. Кроме того, что эта методика сложная, она еще и дорогая.


Упр. 12. Переведите на английский язык.


  1. Мы знаем, что эта работа выполняется в его лаборатории.

  2. Мы знаем, что эта работа выполнена в его лаборатории.

  3. Он избегает ввязываться в такие дела (to be involved).

  4. Проблема заслуживает того, чтобы ее обсудили.

  5. Мы надеемся (полагаемся) на то, что эксперимент был проведен правильно.

  6. Он ответственен за то, что программа не была скорректирована вовремя.

  7. Кроме того, что книга интересная, она еще и полезна.

  8. Несмотря на то, что эта проблема очень сложная, она все же была решена.

  9. Ошибка явилась результатом того, что прибор не отремонтировали перед тестом.

  10. Точность определения зависит от того, насколько тщательно сформулированы все составляющие.


Упр. 13. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя формы герундия или причастия.


  1. Она покрасила волосы в парикмахерской.

  2. Сказать – это одно, а сделать – это другое.

  3. Я собираюсь поменять номер телефона.

  4. Они настаивали на том, чтобы отложить обсуждение.

  5. Стоит обсудить этот вопрос.

  6. Завтра он идет на рентген (ему сделают рентген).

  7. Мне нарисовали мой портрет.

  8. Нет смысла рассматривать эти произведения.

  9. Наша земля – прекрасное место, и за нее стоит побороться.

  10. Мне надо прикрепить жалюзи на окна.

  11. Вы не против, если я закрою окно? Очень холодно.

  12. Этот фильм стоит посмотреть.

  13. Она обожает слушать джаз.

  14. Они продолжают экспериментировать.

  15. Его имя заслуживает упоминания.

  16. Я предлагаю пойти в театр.

  17. Мы не могли не использовать эту информацию.

  18. Нельзя приготовить омлет не разбив яиц.

  19. Нам удалось получить чистое вещество.

  20. Вместо хлора они использовали бром.

  21. Это является результатом того, что удельные веса этих веществ одинаковы.

  22. Есть малая вероятность того, что у этой планеты есть атмосфера.

  23. Нам удалось построить гибкую систему.

  24. Осадок можно поджечь, не высушивая его.


ТЕСТ
Выберите нужную форму глагола.
1. Each poem … by a short comment can be included into the book.
a) following с) having followed

b) followed d) follows
2. The discovery of radioactivity … other important discoveries opened a new era in science.
a) following c) followed

b) follows d) having followed
3. … the audience with the opening speech he left the conference.
a) addressing c) having addressed

b) addressed d) having been addressed
4. The house … now is designed by our architects.
a) built c) building

b) being built d) having built
5. The substance … a magnetic field was metallic.
a) affected c) having been affected

b) affecting d) affects
6. I consider the work … .
a) completed c) been completed

b) completing d) being completed
7. Popov is known … the radio.
a) have invented c) being invented

b) having invented d) invented
8. I watched her … the experiment.
a) carrying out c) carried out

b) being carried out d) having carried out
9. I could hear it…
a) raining c) rained

b) rain d) to rain
10. I could hear the book…
a) discussing c) discussed

b) discuss d) to discuss

11. He reports … a new star.
a) discover c) having discovered

b) discovering d) discovered
12. I remember …about it.
a) having been told c) telling

b) been told d) told
13. We succeeded in … this problem.
a) solved c) being solved

b) solving d) having been solved
14. The film is worth … .
a) to see c) seeing

b) see d) be seen

15. Teachers like … questions.
a) being asked c) having been asked

b) having asked d) ask
16. When I saw his coat, I couldn’t help …
a) to laugh c) being laughed

b) laughing d) having laughed

17. It is worth while … this book.
a) read c) reading

b) having read d) be read
18. I object to … put a two.
a) be c) been

b) being d) having being
19. They are fond of … jazz.
a) listening c) listening to

b) to listen d) listen
20. Would you mind … the window? It’s rather cold in here.
a) to close c) close

b) closing d) to closing


ЧАСТЬ 2
Переведите на русский язык.






    1. Increasing the width decreases the capacitance.

    2. Preparing evaluated cross-section sets has become a discipline in itself and has developed since the early 1960s.

    3. Increasing the amplification in a microstrip gas chamber means increasing the operating voltage, but this cannot be continued indefinitely.

    4. Adding sophistication to the detection strategy increases the computational burden on the CPU and can provide only a marginal increase in algorithm performance.

    5. Disallowing the possibility to boot from floppy drives and being able to set a password to access the BIOS features will improve the security of our system.

    6. It is worth briefly discussing here the assumptions that were used in modeling these modes.

    7. It is worth noting that in the most cases of interest we deal with structures having particular symmetric shapes: rectangular, elliptic, circular.

    8. It is worth noting that these standard definitions contain all nonperturbative effects, including for example the photon vacuum polarization.

    9. It is worth mentioning that the oscillating multipole fields should have a negligible effect on the proton beam emittance since their wavelength is orders of magnitude smaller that the betatron wavelength.

    10. This is a hint that CP violation from beyond Standard Model sources is worth looking for.

    11. The detailed theory of the effects of non-linearities is beyond the scope of this paper, but the following facts are worth mentioning.

    12. Before writing a technical specification, it is worthwhile carefully documenting the basic information supplied by other groups of the project, as well as the design decisions and computations.

    13. The steady-state theory also succeeds in accounting for the expansion and homogeneity of the universe.

    14. Implementation examples aid in developing system-specific hardware and software.

    15. We now aim at examining, using the largest possible data set, the consequences of the full mixing pattern within the framework of the HLS model at one-loop order.

    16. The spin is defined by averaging over several turns.

    17. The spin resonance compensation is achieved by generating opposite harmonics using a pattern of vertical orbit corrections.

    18. This can be attained by distributing each coil over the whole length of windings.

    19. Many experiments are therefore conducted by pulsing the original electron beam, and sorting out the neutron energies by their time-of-flight from the target following each electron pulse.

    20. New efforts made in Japan resulted in further improving the HI-B qualities by affecting orientation and surface condition, by increasing the Si content, by reducing the thickness, and by refining domain wall-spacing.

    21. Next we characterize these two parameters without referring to the fundamental symmetry T.

    22. In order to polish and aluminize the fibers without damaging them, each group corresponding to a single module was bunched together and held fixed by mechanical clamps.

    23. Upon entering any absorbing medium, the charged particle immediately interacts simultaneously with many electrons.

    24. After having established close contacts with the academic world as well as industry, a programme of prototype evaluation was launched.

    25. A method for reducing this noise is the following.

    26. A proper error budget is an excellent tool for judging the overall stability of the equipment.

    27. Their chance of being studied in detail by everyone involved in the contract will increase considerably.

    28. This layout results in the current being zero during the pulse flat-top.

    29. The same button is also used to prevent from the magnet being switched on.

    30. A simple calculation of the simple ONEMAX function shows that the probability of the offspring being better than the midparent is equal to the probability of them being worse.









    1. Systematic coarse-graining holds great promise for yielding truly predictive models with limited experimental information.

    2. It is still worth pointing out that a significant fraction of carbonates did not exchange.

    3. Stochastic dynamics simulation is therefore capable of modeling systems over much longer time scales than MD.

    4. It is worth stressing that the apparent activation energy for the formation of CO2 was equal to 40.0 kJ mol-1.

    5. The conductivity of the samples was determined by plotting the data on the complex plane and subsequently performing a non-linear list squares fit to the bulk and grain boundary semicircle.

    6. The present results indicate that adding GDC to LSM decreased Ri.

    7. On the other hand, R1 can also be increased by increasing k, typically by changing the phase compositions, or decreasing the pore size r.

    8. Introducing a thin layer of (Y2O3)0.85(CeO2)0.15(YDC) between the LSM cathode and YSZ electrolyte reduced cell resistance by a factor of ≈ 4 at 650ºC.

    9. The aim of our work is to investigate the possibility of deoxygenate unsaturated renewables yielding diesel-like hydrocarbons over palladium catalysts.

    10. This finding is supported by observing SEM cross sections of pure LSM cathodes sintered at 1150ºC.

    11. The attraction of using the model is that it allows an estimation of the DC component of the resistance.

    12. Extrapolating the mapping coordinates obtained from chromosomes length measurements suggested a localization in 16q22.

    13. Substituting -alanine for one of the pyrroles improves the binding affinity for nine base pairs by almost an order of magnitude.

    14. At this point it is worth mentioning that only a few acidity constants (of protonated ligands) and stability constants (of the corresponding complexes) will be summarized.

    15. It is worth citing their conclusion that the observed loss of RNAse activity in malignant tumor cells, and RNAse activation associated with tumor regression, may well be indicative of some role of the enzyme in neoplastic transformation.

    16. In this respect, it is worth mentioning that the different substitutions or insertions did not modify the secondary structure or the post-transcriptional modifications which both might be peremptory for a functional RNA.

    17. It is worth while mentioning here the importance of the order of adding lipase and substrate.

    18. In 1973, Catlin and Cramer employed a similar strategy and succeeded in achieving the synthesis of a tetranucleotide.

    19. Mg+ aids in removing this proton and thus in activating the G nucleophile.

    20. We have succeeded in growing crystals of rat polymerase  complexed with two pseudo substrates.

    21. In trying to use antisense RNA to modify expression of sense RNA, a basic assumption is that the two complementary strands will form a duplexed RNA.

    22. These antibodies have been very useful in identifying Z-DNA in many systems.

    23. Cells should be evenly spotted on the filter by gently turning the applicator sticks on the filter.

    24. By comparing the DNA fingerprints of a mother and her child, it is possible to identify DNA fragments in the child.

    25. The thiol proteases are endopeptidases that differ from the serine proteases by having reactive cysteine residues.

    26. A sharp depression of the interaction of netropsin with DNA by increasing ionic strength suggested markedly lower stability of this complex, whereas the duplex polymers are highly stable at extreme salt concentration.

    27. On replacing the C6H5CH2- and CH3CONH-groups of acetylphenylalanine by hydrogen atoms to give the simple acetyl group, the deacylation rate drops by a factor of 104.

    28. In the presence of a peracid, the N:(II) species induce oxidation of such unhindered guanines without altering the structure of the rest of molecule.

    29. The efficiency of editing base substitution errors can vary over a wide range, depending on the enzyme, the mispair and the template prime position.

    30. The formation of the acylenzyme is the slow step in the reaction of saturating concentrations of amide substrates but the acylenzyme often accumulates in the hydrolysis of esters.

    31. This response prevents axons from regenerating.

    32. There are several complicating factors that have prevented zinc from being selected as the reagent of choice.

    33. The low pKa of the histidine is presumably due to its being partly buried in a hydrophobic region.

    34. Despite catalyzing the same reaction, the different classes utilize different mechanisms.

    35. The difference is due to a greatly increased affinity of the  subunit for the 3'-OH primer terminus, resulting from DNA binding by the polymerase subunit.

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