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Lesson 11 ❖ 149
each other, that is, the greater the amount lost through the skin, the less
will be secreted by the kidneys.
2.
Through these three organs but mainly through the kidneys blood is
being continuously depleted of water and the loss must be made up by the
ingestion of new water.
Lesson 10 ^150
3.
Most of the body wastes are found to be eliminated in the urine by the
urinary organs. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder and urethra. Urine is formed in the kidneys, which are the main
organ of excretion. It then passes through the ureters into the urinary
bladder which serves as a reservoir. The bladder is emptied through the
urethra, which leads to the exterior of the body. The wastes are excreted as
urine, which is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent water, plus
urea and various salts. The density of urine appears to vary from 1.015 to
1.020; the PH averages about 6. The healthy adult .eems to excrete an
average of about 1.5 litres of urine from the body daily. From 40 to 65 per
cent of all fluid taken into the body is eliminated as urine, the rest, by
evaporation from the body surface, evaporation horn the lungs, etc. When
the loss of water through evaporation or perspiration is increased, as in
summer months, the urine volume is reduced; if the water intake is
increased, the volume of urine increases us well.
4.
The combination of a warm, rainy day, increased liquid intake as well
as moist air that prevents evaporation from the skin results in great
frequency of urination.
5.
The urine is being formed in the kidneys from many waste and
harmful substances contained in the blood. Blood flows into the kidneys
ihrough the blood vessels. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed of these
substances. Thus, the blood leaving the kidneys is pure while urine formed
in the kidneys flows down special ducts — the ureters, passing into the
bladder from which it is eliminated.
6.
An excretory function is also performed by the skin. The skin being the
cover of the body protects it from harmful external influence and serves at
the same time as an excretory organ passing the sweat out.
7.
Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin. It
consists of water in which substances similar to those in the urine are
f
Lesson 16 ❖ 151
formed but in smaller quantities. The evaporation of perspiration is known
to cool the body and protect it from overheat as well.
Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый абзац
переведите письменно. Найдитеизапомнитезначениесловthe latter,
through, only, that is, the greater ... the less.
Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и
прочтите их.
1. How are harmful substances eliminated from the body? 2. What
organs pass out carbon dioxide and water vapor? 3. What are the organs of
the urinary system? 4. How is water eliminated from the body? 5. When is
the volume of urine increased or reduced? 6. What process takes place in
the kidneys?
Упражнение 9. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по
значению первому слову ряда.
1. various — sum, some, same, seem; 2. the latter - former, the former,
formal; 3. greater — lessen, lesson, lesser, less; 4. to increase —
to decrease, to decide, to decree, to demand; 5. to cool — to want, to
water, to warm, to warn
Упражнение 10. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которого
дан в начале ряда.
1. внешний, наружный - exterior, interior, exteriorly, exteriority; 2.
внорме — normal, normality, normally; 3. посредством, путем —
throughout, through, though, throw; 4. очищать, дезинфицировать —
to clean, to claim, to cleanse, to clear
Упражнение 11. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите,
какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.
Переведитепредложения.
1. Most of the body wastes are eliminated in the urine by the urinary
organs. 2. The bladder is emptied through the urethra which leads to the
exterior of the body. 3. The wastes are excreted as urine which is nor-
152<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Кfj tf
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mally composed of approximately 96 per cent of water plus urea and
various salts. 4. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed o/harmful
substances. 5. Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the
skin.
Упражнение 12. Определите, чем выражено подлежащее в
следующих предложениях. Переведитеданныепредложения.
1. The rate of urinary flow is known to be increased by various agents
known in medicine as diuretics. 2. Three hours after injection 38-45% of
the injected mercury was found in the kidneys.3. Renal tubular excretory
transport of selected sulfonamides is assumed to require д,
physicochemical interaction. 4. Under these conditions it was difficult to
estimate the actual rate of tubular excretory transport. 5. The bladder is
more likely to be affected with a direct pus-forming infection than by any
other disease. 6. It is found that the process of urine secretion goes on
constantly at the rate of about a drop every thirty seconds from each
kidney.
Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения со
словамиaswellasиaswell.
1. The most important function of the kidneys is to remove urea from
the blood as well as to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and
acids in the body fluids. 2. Urinalysis is an examination of urine to
determine the presence of abnormal elements as well as the presence
of diabetes mellitus. 3. The purpose of this study is to determine the
simultaneous rates of bronchial and renal urea excretion as well. 4. Any
doctor is responsible for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
diseases as well.
Упражнение 14. Переведите на английский язык письменно
следующие предложения.
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Lesson 16 ❖ 153
1. Известно, что мочевой пузырь регулярно опорожняется. 2. Здо-
ровый взрослый человек, как считают, выделяет в среднем 1,5 литра
мочи в день. 3. Считают, что примерно 45 — 60% жидкости, поступа-
ющей в организм, выводится через легкие и кожу. 4. Повышенное
потребление жидкости, несомненно, приводит к более частому мо-
чеиспусканию. 5. Потовыделение защищает тело от перегревания.
Часть II
Слова к части II
choice [tfbis] п выбор retain [n'tein]
vудерживать, сохранять
constituent [kan'stitjusnt] п
составная часть
glomerulus [gla'merulas]
(pi.glomeruli [gb'merulai])
nклубочек
glomerular [gls'merula] а
относящийся к почечному
клубочку excess [ik'ses] nизбыток,
излишек precisely
[pri'saisli]advточно distinguishable
[dis'tiggwijabl] а различимый,
отличимый regard [rfgcud]
vпринимать во внимание;
считать, рассматривать
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и запомните перевод следующих слов и
словосочетаний. Переведите предложения с этими словами и
словосочетаниями.
1.
except (that, for) заисключением (того, что); exception исключение;
with few exceptions заредкимисключением: The elements which compose
the urine, with few exceptions, exist in the blood plasma.
2.
regard n отношение; взгляд; in (with) regard to относительно,
вотношении; regarding чтокасается, сточкизрения; regardless
независимоот, несмотряна; v считать, рассматривать: Kidney must be
regarded as the chief controller of chemical balance in the organism.
Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к данным производным.
Переведите все слова на русский язык.
у
constituent, precisely, glomeruli, distinguishable, regardless, excessive,
composition, exception