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154<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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Упражнение 3. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на 2 части
и назовите тему каждой части. 2) Найдите предложения: а) со
сложным подлежащим; б) со словами aswell, aswellas. 3) Переведите
эти предложения.
Text В
The Excretory Function of the Kidney
It has long been known that the kidney does not manufacture fully the
elements which compose the urine. It is known only to extract them
unchanged from the blood plasma where, with very few exceptions, they
already exist. In other words, the urinary function is the excretion, but the
kidney is found to exercise a choice among the numerous organic
substances present in the circulating bloodi Some substances, such as the
proteins, are wholly retained in the organism, although the blood plasma
contains a high concentration of them (70 to 80 grams per litre). Others are
entirely taken away by the kidney as well as eliminated through the urine:
this is the case with certain foreign bodies such as penicillin or
streptomycin as well, which the organism eliminates by means of the
kidney. Most of the constituents of the plasma are excreted in the urine in
variable proportions; the quantities thus taken away by the kidney are not
fixed and vary even from day to day for each substance eliminated. If the
amount of salt absorbed is very great or very small, the concentration of
salt in the blood and the total amount of salt in the individual as well will not
vary at all; if practically no salt is absorbed, no salt will be eliminated; if
much salt is absorbed its rate of elimination will rise, until after a few days it
exactly counterbalances the excess taken in; the quantity of salt taken
away by the kidney will be equal to the excess received.
Finally, we may ask ourselves what internal instrument may change at
every moment the rate at which each constituent of the blood plasma is
taken away by the kidney.
The basic instrument of this mechanism seems to be the nephron. Each
kidney is formed of about a million nephrons, joined by an interstitial tissue
through which the blood vessels as well as nerves pass. Thus the nephron
is the morphological and functional unit of the system determining the
composition of the urine. Its structure is not very simple. The glomerulus, a
small bundle of arterial capillaries enclosed in a small round capsule, forms
the head of the nephron. Although the glomeruli are small and hardly
distinguishable by the naked eye
1
, the total quantity of blood which passes
through them every minute is very great: over a litre for the two kidneys of
an adult, which
> ■
Lesson 11 О- 155
is at quarter of the total blood distributed to all the rest of the organism in
the same time.
Tnis is the first stage in the production of urine, known as glomerular
filtration.
Physiologically the' kidney must not be regarded as just an organ for
the formation of urine, wastes. The kidney appears to be the chief con-
troller of the delicate chemical balance necessary to life.
Notes
1. by the naked eye невооруженнымглазом
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно
выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.
1. The kidney doesn't manufacture the elements which compose urine.
2. The urinary function is that of excretion. 3. Some substances are
retained in the organism. 4. Penicillin is eliminated through the urine. 5.
The basic instrument of the kidney is the nephron.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 11
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения со сложным
подлежащим.
1. The chief functiqikof the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain
solids from the blood. 2. The excretion of urine is thought to be possible
by the selective action of the cells of the kidney tubules. 3. When tl\e
kidneys fail to act solid waste substances accumulate in the blood.(j2>
The formation of urine is found to begin in the glomerulus as water salts,
sugar, urea and other wastes. 5. Streptococci do not seem to cause
glomerular inflammation by direct invasion. 6. After the first two weeks of
acute nephritis patients usually appear to make a complete recovery.
(Ответ: 2, 4, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 27 Граммати-
ческого справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких предложениях asweDas, aswell: а)
составной союз; tf) наречие. Переведитепредложения.
156 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
/
I
1. Acute glomerular nephritis may involve various systems of the body
as well as the glomerular tufts. 2. Specific gravity is a measurement that
reflects the amount of wastes as well as minerals in the urine. 3. Acids as
well as other substances which the body does not need are secreted into the
distal renal tubules from the blood stream. 4. Drugs can be obtained from
plants, animals and chemical substances as well. 5. While examining a
patient the doctor was asking him about his previous and present condition as
well.
(Ответ:a) 1, 2, 3; b) 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 41
Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык производные от данных
слов.
1. excrete— выделение, выделительный, экскреция; 2. active— ак-
тивность, активно, деятельность; 3. constitute- составная часть, те-
лосложение; 4. urine— мочевой, мочеиспускание, урология; 5. sweat—
потеть, потение, потный, потовые (железы)
(Ответ: 1. excretion, excretory, excretion; 2. activity, actively, activities; 3.
constituent, constitution; 4. uric (urinary), urination, urology; 5. to sweat,
sweating, sweaty, sweat (glands).)
Упражнение 4. Дайте синонимы к следующим словам.
1. to eliminate; 2. waste products; 3. manner; 4. to take place; 5. quantity
(Ответ: 1. to excrete; 2. waste matter (wastes); 3. way; 4. to occur; 5.
amount.)
Упражнение 5. Образуйте словосочетания, используя слова из пунктов
а) и б). Переведитеих.
а) 1. to eliminate; 2. to carry out; 3. to excrete; 4. to get rid of; 5. to throw
out; 6. excretory; 7. activity (of);
б) 1. the excess of water (constituents); 2. organ(s); 3. action; 4. the
kidneys and skin; 5. sweat glands; 6. muscular; 7. the function; 8. waste
products
(Ответ: 1-1, 8; 2-1, 7, 8; 3-1, 8; 4-1, 8; 5-1, 8; 6-2, 3; 7-4, 5, 6.)
LESSON TWELVE
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1.
Сложное дополнение (§ 26)
2.
Составныесоюзыeither ... or; neither ... nor; so ... that; not only
... but (§ 40)
158 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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1
J
Less6n 12^ 145
4
i
/ у ,j . Часть11
j
' • v
1
Слова
к части I
I
activity [ak'tiviti]n(обыкн.pi.) nде-
ятельность arouse [a'rauz]
vвозбуждать voluntary [votantari]
а произвольный involuntary
[in'votantari] а непроизвольный
thyroid ['6airoid] nщитовидная
железа
emergency [I'msicfesnsi]
nтяжелое состояние больного,
требующее немедленной
помощи; экстренная
необходимость
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с конструкцией
«сложное дополнение» на русский язык.
1. We know nephron to be the histological kidney unit. 2. A great deal of
experimental work showed a dilute urine to be filtered by the glomeruli and the
tubules to have an absorption function. 3. The experimentalists found the
decrease in body temperature to increase urinary secretion. 4. Bowman in
1842 found organic constituents to be secreted by the cells of the convoluted
tubules. 5. Scientists found glomerular filtration to occur in all vertebrate
kidneys.
Упражнение 2. Замените следующие придаточные предложения конст-
рукцией «сложное дополнение».
, ,
;
у (/у*
1. We know that glomeruli ao^-absent in certain fishes. 2. Most phys-
iologists believe №kt the phenomenon of urinary secretion is due to filtration
of the llon-colloid constituents of the plasma through the glomerulus. 3. Some
investigators thought the rate of flow was-a paramount factor governing renal
secretion. 4. The doctor supposed that the
l V
rise of blood pressure caused increased urination. 5. Scientists consider that
a balanced diet is necessary for everybody.
/ r
г-'Д ,
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения с со-
ставными союзамиeither... or, neither... nor, notonly... but (also), so... that. /
removal [ri'murvl] nудаление, уст-
ранение
fail [feil] vотказать в действии,
провалиться, не удаться failure
['feilja] п недостаточность,
остановка, разрыв, провал, не-
удача
duct [dAkt]п проход; проток,
канал affect [a'fekt] vвлиять на,
поражать
(болезнью); воздействовать
measure['тезэ] п мера;
vизмерять