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160<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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1. Experimental work has shown that removal of one-half, two-thirds and
sometimes three-fourths of the kidney substances in the dog produces
changes neither in urinary volume nor in urinary nitrogen. 2. дЪеlecturer
demonstrated that in the frog's kidney indigo carmine, neutral red and ferric
ammonium citrate not only appear in the glomerular filtrate but also in
proportion to their concentrations in the serum. 3. The decreased rate of
glomerular secretion results in its slower passage through the tubules so that
water absorption is more complete. 4. The percentile chloride may either
increase or decrease, but the total excretion is always greater.
Упражнение 4.Заполнитепропускисоставнымисоюзамиeither ... or, neither
... nor, not only ... but, so ... that.
1. The cations Кand Ca induce diuresis when administered ... together ...
in succession. 2. The kidney is an organ capable of altering the
quantity and quality of the urine secreted ............ the water balance and
osmotic relations in the blood and tissues are kept within optimal ranges. 3.
The functions of the kidney are .»jnumerous ... they require a high degree of
correlation as well. 4. ... our group ... group 5 decided who will be the first to
begin the experimental work on glomerular filtration.
Упражнение 5. Отработайте чтение следующих слов и словосочетаний.
endocrine ['endoukrain], similarly ['simitali], medulla [теЧЫэ], adrenal
[ad'riinsl], failure [Teiljd], insufficient [inss'fijsnt], hypophysis [hai'pofisis]
Упражнение 6. Образуйте слова согласно модели и переведите их.
Запомнить значение суффикса-izeи приставкиinter-.
1.
Прилагательное, существительное + -ize (-ise) = глагол:
oxideокись — tooxidizeокислять.
active, material, populat, crystal, immune, special
2.
inter- + существительное, прилагательное, глагол = производное
слово, обозначающее взаимодействие, взаимовлияние, положение
между...: toactдействовать — tointeractвзаимодействовать.
change, to connect, coastal, national, action, auricular, cellular, clavical
Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. to act, action, activity, activities, to activize; 2. to emerge, emergence,
emergency, emergent; 3. to fail, failure, failing; 4. to
Lesson 10 ❖ 161
ihsturb, disturbance, disturbed; '5. to suffice, sufficient, sufficiency, efficiently
Vпражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.
to put into action, in case of emergency, emergency case, movable kidney,
heart failure, failing sight, to measure out a spoonful of medicine
Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст А. Разделите текст на смысловые
части.
Text
АEndocrine
Glands
1. There are two organ systems — the nervous system and the endo- i
rines - which coordinate the activities of all others. Almost nothing can
happen to the body anywhere without appropriate response either motor
or perceptual, voluntary or involuntary. Similarly, various parts of the
endocrine system act upon each other and other organs, stimulating
them I оdo their special jobs. Thus, the thyroid gland stimulates the
metabolism of all bodily parts. The adrenal medulla mobilizes the
activities of many organ systems in case of the emergency. And the
adrenal cortex exercises control over many body functions, so important
that its removal results in
failure of the functions and
the death of the animal.
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i *
162 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
2. Endocrine glands or glands of internal secretion are
ductless glands, that is, they empty their secretions —
chemical
substances called hormones
(from the
Greek word «hormao» — excite)
— directly
into the blood stream. The hor-
mones are carried throughout the organism with the blood and are
delivered to various organs whose activity they either stimulate or
depress. Neither single hormone nor endocrine gland acts wholly by
itself at any time.
Pituitary
gland
Testes in
male
Fig. 12.The endocrine
system.
Pineal
gland
Parathyroi
d glands
(four
glands)
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
gland
Adren
al
gland
s
Lesson 10 ❖ 163
3.
We know hormones to play a very important part in the organism.
Many of them affect metabolism and the activity of the cardiovascular and
other systems. A disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands is
accompanied by changes throughout the organism. These changes may
be not only due to an increase in the function of a gland (hyper- function)
but to a decrease (hypofunction).
4.
A hyperfunctioning gland secretes a superfluous amount of hormones
and a hypofunctioning gland secretes an insufficient amount. The amount
of hormones produced by the endocrine glands in 24 hours measures
fractions of a milligram.
5.
The functions of all the endocrine glands are interconnected so that
the glands make up a single system. Physiologists consider the hypophysis
to be the chief gland of this system; they consider it to produce special
substances which stimulate the activities of other endocrine glands.
6.
The activities of endocrine glancjs are regulated by the nervous
i
system. It is known to exercise direct control over the endocrine glands
through the nerves and neurohumoral control, particularly through the
hypophysis. The hormones in their turn ^ffect the functions of the different
parts of the nervous system.
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ч
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Упражнение 10. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый абзац
переведите письменно.
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,
Упражнение 11. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и
зачитайте их.
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1. The functions of various endocrine glands are different, aren't they?
What are they? 2. Is the disturbance in the activity of the endocrine glands
accompanied by any changes throughout the organism? 3. What is hyper-
or hypofunction? 4. Why is hypophysis considered the chief gland of the
endocrine system? 5. Howdotheendocrineandnervoussystemsinteract?
Упражнение 12. Найдите ключевые предложения в каждой смысловой
части текста А и выпишите их.