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164 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Упражнение 13. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которого дан в
начале ряда.
1. деятельность — activator, activities, activation, activity, activist;
2.
подобнымобразом, также — similarity, similar, simple, similarly;
3.
такимобразом, так — so, then, thus, actually; 4. влиятьна... — to
effect, to defect, to affect
Lesson 10 ^165
Упражнение 14. Прочтите и переведите данные предложения.
Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.
1.Thus the thyroid gland stimulates metabolism. 2. Hormones affect
metabolism and the function of the cardiovascular system. 3. The functions
of endocrine glands are interconnected. 4. The nervous system exercises
direct control over the endocrine glands through the nerves and
neurohumoral control. 5. The hormones either stimulate or depress the
activity of various organs. 6. The activities of endocrine glands are regu-
lated by the nervous system.
Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите
функции инфинитива
1. The methods developed to establish special aspects of endocrinology
have become diversified and complicated. 2. The existence of many
hormones to be discussed must be regarded as probable rather than
demonstrated with certainty. 3. The hypophysis is believed to be the chief
endocrine gland. 4. The chief action of the thyroid hormone is to accelerate
all oxidations, particularly those of fat and protein. 5. The discharge of
thyroid hormone appears to be guided by a thyrotropic pituitary hormone. 6.
The scientists believe insulin and anterior pituitary hormones to exert
contrary actions on the blood sugar level.
Упражнение 16. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните
значение парных союзовeither... or, neither... nor, so... that, notonly... but.
1. The observations of surgeons on thyroid deficiency revealed that
internal secretions are not only necessary for proper growth and nutrition
but for normal mental development as well. 2. An excess of the
somatotropic hormone, either due to hypersecretion or injection of extracts,
causes gigantism and leads to acromegaly in adults. 3. The molecular
weight of insulin is so great that prospects of its synthesis seem very
remote. 4. While asked the student could neither describe nor show the
pineal gland in figure 12.
Упражнение 17. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык
письменно.
1. Нервная и эндокринная системы координируют и стимулируют
деятельность организма. 2. Эндокринные железы не имеют протоков и
выделяют свой секрет непосредственно в кровь, которая разносит его
по организму. 3. Снижение функции или понижение
166<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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активности эндокринных желез вызывает изменения в работе всего
организма. 4. Деятельность всех эндокринных желез взаимосвязана
и регулируется гипофизом. 5. Нервная система контролирует работу
эндокринных желез.
Часть II
Слова к части II
intermediate [,inta'mi:dj9t]апроме-dilute [daflju:t] v разбавлять, разво-
жуточный, средний
дить
border ['bo:dd]п край; граница
excessive [ik'sesiv]а избыточный,
setп ряд, серия; набор
чрезмерный
intensify [in'tensifai] vусиливать
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.
hypothalamus, anterior, intermediate, posterior, microscope, fibre,
secretion, circulation, neurons, neurohumoral, gigantism, acromegaly,
oxitocin, to intensify
Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово или словосочетание,
значение которого дано в начале ряда.
1. поскольку — in so far as, so far as, as far as; 2. серия, ряд — row,
line, series, set; 3. тоесть — all that, so that, that is, that is why
Упражнение 3. Найдите в данном ряду слово или словосочетание,
синонимичное данному в начале ряда.
1. fairly - rather, too, enough, actually, completely; 2. to break up — to
believe in, to end, to divide into...; 3. adults — teenagers, children, the
old, grown-ups; 4. insufficient — enough, lacking, deficient, excessive
Упражнение 4. Запомните значение сочетаний со словомthat.
that is the point
вэтомсутьдела
that is to say
тоесть
thatiswhy
вот почему
nowthat
теперь, когда
f
Lesson 16 ❖ 167
Упражнение 5. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на три
смысловые части. 2) Найдите предложения: а) с конструкцией
«сложное
юполнение»; б) с парными союзами either...or, neither...nor, so... that,
notonly...but. 3) Переведите эти предложения.
Text ВHypophysis (the Pituitary)
We know the hypophysis to be a small oval body weighing about 0,5 g; it
is located in the cranial cavity and is connected with the hypothalamus. The
gland consists of an anterior lobe, an intermediate part and a posterior lobe;
the borders between them can be seen only under the microscope.
Experimental and clinical observations strongly suggest anterior lobe to be
necessary for proper growth to adult stature, for normal development and
function of the reproductive system and for control the activities of other
endocrine glands. The posterior lobe remains connected to the brain by
means of the pituitary stalk, through which nerve impulses travel from the
hypothalamus. The anterior lobe, so far as is known, r eceives no nerve
fibres of any kind, and its control must then depend on t he presence of
substances in the blood. In spite of all this, there appears to be a way
whereby the brain can exercise a fairly direct control over the anterior lobe.
The blood vessels leading to the hypothalamus break up into capillaries;
having passed through these capillaries, the blood is gathered into small
veins; these veins pass downward so that they open into another set of
capillaries in the anterior lobe. This is called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal
portal system. Excision of the anterior hypophysis neither alters the lipid
content of the liver nor inhibits the accumulation of large amounts of lipids in
the liver.
The hypothalamus has been found to secrete special substances which
regulate the secretion of the hypophyseal hormones. The activities of the
other endocrine glands are thus subject to neurohumoral regulation through
the hypophysis.
Disfunction of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is accompanied by
changes throughout the organism. For example, excessive secretion of the
growth hormone in childhood results in gigantism. Such people may grow to
a height of 2,5-2,6 m. Excessive secretion of this hormone in adults results
not only in excessive growth of the bones of the face, fingers and toes, but
in enlarged nose, tongue and certain other organs. This disease is called
acromegaly. Insufficient secretion of the growth hormone in childhood is
accompanied by retarded growth (dwarfism). It is a relatively rare condition
iissociated with either early atrophy or absence of the anterior lobe.
168<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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The posterior lobe of the hypophysis secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
Physiologists consider oxytocin to intensify the contractions of the uterine
muscles and it is therefore used to boost weak labour. We know
vasopressin to cause constriction of the blood vessels, especially those of
the uterus.
Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие суждения. Найдите в тексте В
предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, и
прочтите их.
1. The hypophysis is connected with hypothalamus. 2. There are two
lobes in the gland. 3. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system of blood
vessels supplies blood to the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. 4. Hypophysis
regulates the activity of other endocrine glands. 5. Disfunction of the
anterior lobe of the hypophysis is accompanied by changes of different kind
throughout the organism.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 12
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения со сложным
дополнением.
1. Thyroxine is necessary in the body to maintain a normal level of
metabolism in all body cells. 2. Parathyroid hormone causes calcium to
leave bone tissue and enter the blood stream. 3. Removal of the thymus
gland is found to be helpful in treatment of muscular-neurological disorders.
4. Cells need oxygen to carry on metabolic processes.5. We know the
pituitary gland to be also called the hypophysis. 6. Pituitary growth hormone
acts on bone tissue to accelerate its growth in the body.
(Ответ: 2, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 26 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Укажите, в каких предложениях использованы
составные союзы.
1. Insulin is necessary in the blood stream so that sugars can pass from
the blood into the cells of the body. 2. In acute nephritis some glomeruli are
more severely involved than others, but practically no glomerulus escapes
some injury. 3. Treatment of thyrotoxicosis may include either