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Lesson 21 О223
Anomalous expansion of water at temperatures near freezing point
enables fresh water fish to survive cold winters.
(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §§ 26, 27 Грам-
матического справочника.)
LESSONTWENTY-TWO
NOISEPOLLUTION
Повторение: Виды придаточных предложений (§ 29)
Часть I
Слова к части I
noise [noiz] п шум
environmental [in,vai9r9n'mentl]а
относящийся к окружающей
среде threshold ['6reJ(h)ould] п
порог scale [skeil] п шкала
background ['baekgraund] п фон
anxiety [aeg'zaiati] п
беспокойство, тревога anxious
['aegkfas]а озабоченный,
беспокоящийся; стремящийся,
желающий deaf [def]а глухой
deafness ['defnis] п глухота
assess [a'ses] vоценивать
assessment [s'sesmsnt] nоценка
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие придаточные
предложения.
1. We know the greatest hazard to man is found in the water contam-
inated with the discharges from the human body. 2. The principal mea-
sures which we use in water purification are: aeration, coagulation, sedi-
mentation, filtration, softening, desinfection (chlorination), absorption
(activated carbon), corrosion correction. 3. Civilization requires that the
wastes of the human body should be removed from habitation safely and
promptly. 4. Were the water not desinfected with chlorine, the pathogenic
and other forms of bacteria would not be destroyed. 5. If we used the
preventive measures against water contamination in time, we could save
many people from poisoning. 6. Had they not purified the drinking water
in this area, the disease would have been immediately transmitted.
Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным
производным; переведите их.
224О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
noiseless, excessive, equality, deafness, assessment
Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст А. Передайте основное
содержание текста.
Text А
I ■
Noise as a Source of Environmental Annoyance
1. In recent years more attention has been given to noise and
unwanted sound as another form of environmental disturbance.
Excessive noise has been a part of the industrial environment for a long
time — motors, metal presses, drills and heavy machinery of all types
have made many factories a din of hoise since the beginning of the
industrial revolution. Now, however, the public at large is subjected to
increasing noise from traffic, airplanes, construction, urban crowding and
we are now aware of much of this sound as a new irritant and source of
environmental annoyance, Sound energy is usually measured in terms of
decibels, one decibel being approximately equal to the threshold of
hearing in man. A 10-fold increase in sound adds 10 units to the decibel
scale and a 100-fold increase in sound adds 20 units. In a typical urban
environment, background noise in a quiet sound-protected room
generally runs 40 decibels while ordinary street noises average 70 to 80
decibels.
2.
Around the home, background noise averages 40to 50 decibels,
conversation produces 60 decibels, a garbage disposal 85 and a
vacuum cleaner 90 decibels. Heavy city traffic at rush hour usually
produces 95 to 100 decibels, and a jet aircraft taking off generates 120 to
150 decibels.
3.
Medical science has recently shown that excessive noise can be a
significant nervous stress. It can increase irritability and reduce job effi-
ciency. In some cases it can cause changes in heart rate, blood
pressure, and metabolism similar to other types of emotional anxiety and
stress. Prolonged noise, above the level of 95 decibels, can also cause
hearing loss and early deafness. Workers in noisy factories, construction
trades and transportation jobs which have high noise levels are
especially subject to hearing loss.
4.
A special and controversial aspect of noise pollution is the advent
supersonic aircraft. They will produce «sonic booms», loud and forceful
reverberations of air as the planes pass overhead. Critics of supersonic
planes feel that this will be an intolerable source of sound — a new
Lesson 21 О225
stress (hat will cost more in human irritation than it will be worth in
reduced transportation times. The proponents of supersonic
transportation feel (hat this is nonsense — that man will adjust to this
new technologic advance as readily as he adjusted to the light bulb and
motor car. Such a controversy provides another example of the difficulty
of assessing the lull impact of rapidly advancing technology on the health
of man and I he quality of our environment.
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, в чем трудность
предотвращения шума.
Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Why has noise and unwanted sound been given more attention to?
2. What are the examples of sound disturbances measured in decibels?
УWhat are the consequences of excessive noise as environmental dis-
lurbance? 4. What do critics of supersonic planes say? 5. Can man
adjust to this new technologic advance?
Упражнение 6. Переведите письменно абзац 4 текста А
Упражнение 7. Составьте письменно аннотацию текста А.
Упражнение 8. Прочтите следующие тексты. Найдите в них
придаточные предложения и переведите их.
1. Pollution-Free Electric Car
A Japanese automobile firm has announced successful development
of three-wheel electric light van for pick-up and delivery service and
informed that it had started production of the car for full-scale marketing.
Recently, development work on electric cars has been accelerated in
Japan as a principal means of eliminating environmental damage which
is caused by automobiles through air pollution and noise. The electric
cars they are going to construct will be the first to be used in the streets.
This car will be employed mainly for delivery of newspapers, mail and
milk as it has motor and four 12-volt improved lead batteries as the
power source. The vehicle, in which only a driver sits, has maximum
speed of 40 kilometers per hour. If the batteries are to be charged home
electricity can be used. With each charging, that takes eight hours, the
electric van can run 40 kilometres. The price is about twice of
conventional gasoline cars of a similar type.
226О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
2. Quieting Noisy Trucks
The acoustic properties of plastics have played a major role in helping
industry to cope with standards on noise emission. And now the experi-
ence which was gained over the years is being applied to the job of
quieting noisy trucks. We speak of trucks particularly because the diesel
engines that carry much of the nation's freight have been identified as a
source of widespread noise pollution. No truck which is noisier than an
automobile should not be permitted on the road.
So it's hardly suprising that interest in plastics is on the rise. Plastics
are used as sound absorbing barrier and damping materials.
The sound absorbing foam products that are installed on the top sides,
and various other interior areas of the truck cabin will not transmit
sounds,
Часть II
Слова к части II
advantage [9d'va:nticfe]
nпреимущество disadvantage
[
/
dis9d
/
va:ntic^] nневыгодное
положение; недостаток expose
[iks'pouz] vвыставлять; под-
вергать (действию) exposure
[iks'poija] nвыставление strain
[strein] vнапрягаться
residentialareas [,rezfdenjl'еэпэг]
жилые кварталы pupil ['pju:pl]
nзрачок impair [im'pea]
vнарушать, повреждать
regard [ri'ga:d] vсчитать,
рассматривать
decay [di'kei] vразлагаться,
разрушаться; nразрушение,
упадок
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Подберит^ соответствующее значение к выделенным
словам и переведите данные предложения.
1. There are disadvantages(неблагоприятноеположение, недоста-
ток, вред) in intense urbanization. 2. The most damaging effect of noise
is the disruption(крушение, раскол, руины, разрыв) of our psychic
balance. 3. In our concern with other forms of environmental
decay(гниение, разрушение, расстройство) we have overlooked the
importance of noise control. 4. Loud, harsh and persistent noise impairs
(ослабевать, ухудшать, портить) the functioning of our minds(ум,
память, настроение, мнение). 5. Noise must be regarded(касаться,
разглядывать, считать) far more than just an annoyance.
Lesson 21 О227
Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, что является
причиной шумового загрязнения и каковы его последствия. 2)
Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения в тексте.
TextВ NoisePollution
From almost every health-related standpoint, we can say that there are
disadvantages in intense urbanization. Environmental problems include
air pollution, sewage disposal, acquisition of safe waters, noise
abatement, space for outdoor recreation, emotional stress and a host of
other problems.
One of the more recently «discovered» pollutants in the modern en-
vironment is noise. For the city dweller noise may be the most significant
environmental pollutant. He is constantly buffeted by the noise of aircraft,
trains, motorcycles, buses, machinery when he is at home and at work,
his neighbour's stereo, and his neighbour's toilet flushing. One study
showed that the average noise level in residential areas rose as much as
9 decibels between 1984 and 1987.
Some of the effects of noise have been known or suspected for years.
Fatigue, emotional stress, and permanent loss of hearing acuity are well-
documented effects. Other studies have shown that noise, either pro-
longed or sudden, produces involuntary responses by the circulatory,
digestive and nervous systems. Noise can cause adrenalin to be shot
into l he blood as during stress and anxiety periods; it can cause the
heart to heat rapidly, the blood vessels to constrict, the pupils to dilate,
and the stomach, esophagus, and intestines to be seized by spasm. A
three-year