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228О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
study of university students showed that noise of only 7 decibels consis-
tently caused constriction of the coronary arteries which supply oxygen to
the heart muscle. Permanent hearing loss occurs with prolonged ex-
posure to sounds of over 90 decibels.
Probably the most damaging effect of noise on the quality of human
life is its disruption of our psychic balance. Loud, harsh, or persistent
noise puts our nerves «on edge» so that our personal relationships are
strained and often explosive, interferes with our concentration, and
impairs the efficient functioning of our minds. Noise must not be regarded
as no more than just an annoyance because it is a serious threat to the
quality of our lives.
In our concern with other forms of environmental decay, we have
largely overlooked the importance of noise control, and noise levels
continued to creep upward.
1
Like any other form of pollution control,
noise control will require legislated limits on noise levels, strict enforce-
ment of those limits, and a personal concern
2
for the rights of others to
live in a decent environment.
Notes
1.
to creep upward ползти вверх
2.
personal concern личная заинтересованность
Упражнение 4. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в
тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных
суждений, и прочтите их.
1. For the city dweller noise may be an environmental pollutant. 2. The
average noise level in residential areas has risen. 3. The effect of noise is
the disruption of our psychic balance. 4. Noise levels continue to creep
upward. 5. Like any other form of pollution noise should be controlled.
Упражнение 5. Классифицируйте поражения в зависимости от
качества шума по заданной схеме.
Noise
Lesson 21 О229
Excessiv
e 1. • • • •
2
Лш • • • •
Sudden
la • • •
2
Prolonge
d 1 • • • •
2
Лт • • • •
230О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 22
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите придаточные предложения, в
которых отсутствует союз.
1. Any modern vehicle should be propelled by electric motors which
reduce pollution and noise. 2. The price we have to pay for the unlimited
exploration of natural resources and the pollution of the air and water is
rather high. 3. Gears that are made of plastics provide greater freedom
from noise and vibrations than metal gears. 4. Had we used the recently
developed device we could have saved much time. 5. We know water is
a vehicle for such infections as cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and
other diseases having their primary seat in the digestive tract.
(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 32 Грамматичес-
кого справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст. Найдите в тексте предложения: а)
придаточные
дополнительные;
б)
определительные;
в)
обстоятельственные; г) условные. Переведитетекст.
Nutrients
Nutrients nourish our body and give us energy. Energy is the ability to
do work. Our body uses energy for every action to move, to breathe, to
think, to grow. Repairing body parts when we get hurt takes energy too.
All this energy comes from nutrients in the food.
You know that all foods contain moisture. The solid part of food is
made up mostly of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Carbohydrates and
fats supply our body with fuel for energy. If the carbohydrates and fats
are not used for energy, they are stored in our body as fat. Proteins
provide our body with material for growth and repair. Protein foods also
contain some carbohydrates or fats. Meat always has fat with the protein,
even if the meat is lean; milk has both carbohydrates and fat with the
protein. Vitamins and minerals are other important nutrients which help
our body to function properly.
The research workers proved that a balanced diet contains all the
nutrients necessary to keep us healthy. No one food supplies all the
nutrients that our body needs. Because some foods are high in certain
nutrients and other foods are high in other nutrients, it is important for us
to eat a variety of foods.
Over half of the food we eat should be in the form of carbohydrates.
Most of the carbohydrate foods should be complex ones. Sweet foods
Lesson 21 О231
such as sugar jam, syrup, frosting, cake and candy are not a good source
of carbohydrates. Our body needs vitamins and minerals to change sugar
into energy. But refined sugar has no vitamins or minerals in it. The best
sources of carbohydrates contain natural sugar or starch as well as
vitamins and minerals. When we are not very active we should get most
of the carbohydrates that we need from fruits and vegetables because
they are low in fat.
LEARNING TO DISCUSS MEDICINE
THE SECHENOV MOSCOW MEDICAL ACADEMY
Упражнение 1. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором
(преподавателем) следующие слова. Обратите внимание на
ударение.
faculty ['faekdlti], university [Ju:ni'va:siti], scientist ['saiantist], surgery
['saufeari], surgeon ['sarcfcn], therapy ['Oerapi], therapeutist
|,6erd'pju:tist], obstetrics [ab'stetriks], obstetrician [,obsta'tnfn], hygiene
['haicfcim], pharmacology [,fa:m9'kola<fei], pharmaceutical
|,fa:m9'sju:tikl]
Упражнение 2. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором
(преподавателем) следующие группы однокоренных слов (гнезда
слов). Определите, какой мастью речи являются слова в каждой
группе и переведите их: для этого найдите и проанализируйте
словообразовательные суффиксы.
surgery, surgical, surgeon; therapy, therapeutic, therapeutist; pediat-
rics, pediatric, pediatrician; hygiene, hygienic, hygienist; physiology,
physiological, physiologist; chemistry, chemical, chemist; to graduate,
лgraduate, graduation
Упражнение 3. Назовите корневые слова, от которых образованы
следующие производные.
foundation, graduation, preparatory, surgical, therapeutic, scientific,
preventive
Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите текст.
232 ❖ Learning To Discuss Medicine £
The Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy
Yesterday, when we had our English lesson, the teacher said: «You
nre students of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. And do you
know the history of our Academy?»
«Yes,» said Semenov, one of our students. «I know that our Academy
was founded in 1758 as a faculty of the Moscow University and in 1930 it
was reorganized into an independent higher learning institution».
«You are quite right,» said the teacher. «The Sechenov Moscow Medical
Academy, one of the oldest and biggest medical schools in Russia, was
formerly the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University, founded by the
great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov. The University had three
faculties: Philosophical, Law and Medical and only thirty students studied at
these faculties. Among them were the first medical students: Sybelin,
Veniaminov and Yastrebov. The students were taught by three professors
of natural history, anatomy and. chemistry, respectively. At that time the
majority of the staff were foreign professors.The first Russian professor of
medicine was one of the graduates - Professor Sybelin.
By the 19th century there were six departments at the Medical Faculty:
the departments of anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, inter-* nal
medicine and midwifery. The first clinical hospitals were opened in 1805.
They were the hospitals of surgery and obstdtrics. By the end of the 19th
century 26 departments and 12 clinical hospitals had been founded and
new departments added: the departments of hygiene and anatomic
pathology. ^ ' [ >
(
d , ; * \
The professors and students of the Medical Faculty took an active part in
the political and social life of the time. The ideas of Herzen and Belinsky
were very popular among the staff and students. At that time many
outstanding doctors worked at the Faculty. They were: a physician AA.
Ostroumov, surgeons N.V. Sklifosovsky, A A. Bobrov, P.I. Dya- konov, a
neurologist A.U. Kozhevnikov, a psychiatrist S.S. Korsakov, an