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Lesson 21 О213
\ ? ] { Упражнения
. <
;
^
Упражнение 1. Определите значение выделенных слов в данных
предложениях.
.,
I\ \ f
1. Since the amount of contamination until recent years was small in
relation to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. «Pure»
air is, of course, a mixture of many kinds of gases and varying amounts
of water vapour, (степень, количество, общаясумма) 2. Some
authorities feel we may eventually run into oxygen depletion problems
with the elimination of green plants, (истощение, опустошение) 3.
Instead of pollutants being diluted through twelve miles of atmosphere,
they may be held within several hundred feet of the ground,
(разбавлять, растворять, ослаблять)
Упражнение 2. Просмотрите текстВ (10 мин). 1) Назовите основные
положения текста. 2) Прочтите вслух интернациональные слова.
Запомните их произношение и значение. 3) Найдите в тексте
предложения сing- формами. Переведитепредложения.
Text В $ 2 JI ' Air Pollution ^
A man can live without food for weeks and without water for days, but
he can live without air for only a few minutes. Accordingly, air is the most
immediately vital resource.
I
Lesson 20 207
1 . ' r ' >j' I ' '
' »
Since the amount of contamination until recent years was small in relation
to the vastness of the atmosphere, little trouble resulted. In the last few
decades, however, continuing contamination is producing concentrations
that are harmful to men, animals and plants.
Air pollution is produced by different air contaminants in different areas.
By general definition, air pollution is the introduction of hazardous materials
into the atmosphere as the result of man's activities.
Some pollutants, such as smoke from fores/t fires, may stem from either
natural or human causes. Pollution, as cjiscussed here, will imply the
possibility of control.
* '
*
In order to understand the problem of air pollution more fully, let us briefly
examine the nature and size of our atmosphere. «Pure» air is, of course, a
mixture of many kinds of gases, including about 78 per cent nitrogen, 21 per
cent oxygen, less than 1 per cent argon, 0,03 per cent carbon dioxide, traces
of several other gases and varying amounts of water vapour. So far, contrary
to popular belief, the percentage of oxygen in the air has not been reduced
significantly with the Advent of air pollution. However, man's activities are
reducing the world supply of green plants which are the only sources of
oxygen at an alarming rate. An acre of foodcrop plants produces far less*
oxygen than the acre of forest it may have replacpd. ^^acre of
^a^ement^oduces no oxygen at all. Thus, some scientists feeove ftiay
eventualljlrun into oxygen depletion problems with the elimination of green
plants) though other air problems are more
v
pre^fef
r
at t^s 'time.
J
v'n - Г?'
The problem of air pollution is further' complicated by the existence of
inversion layers over many of the world's major cities. An inversion layer is a
layer of warmer air over a cooler surface layer.of air, and results from an
area's topographical character and proximity to water. The inversion layer
acts as an air trap, preventing air pollutants from mixing with upper layers of
air. Thus, instead of pollutants being diluted through twelve miles of
atmosphere, they may be held within several hundred feet of the ground.
L '
The problem of air pollution is of great social importance. Russian
research workers have established, after analysing the results of hundreds
of medical checkups that there is a definite correlation between the degree
of air pollution and rates of incidence and death from bronchitis, pneumonia
and lung cancer. The researchers believe that if air pollution were decreased
Lesson 21 О215
by 50 per cent then the incidence of these diseases would go down by 25
per cent.
An adequate rtumber of facts has now been established which prove that
there is a connection between air pollution and the death-rate from all types
of cancer.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите нижеприведенные суждения. Найдите в тексте
В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений, И\
прочтите их вслух.
I
1. In the last few decades continuing contamination has become harmful
to men, animals and plants. 2. Air pollution is produced in different ways. 3.
Man's activities are significantly reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air.
4. The inversion layer acts as an air trap. 5. There is* a definite correlation
between air pollution and the death-rate from cancer and lung diseases.
Упражнение 6. Основываясь на тексте В, назовите основные источники
загрязнения воздуха в современном городе.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 20
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите текст. Проверьте перевод
ing-форм по ключу на стр. 209.
The Accident
The pilot of a single-engined monoplane with a passenger was carrying
out
1
a practice forced landing,
2
when the left wing struck a tree.
The aircraft was severely damaged in the crash, the engine mounts
breaking
3
and the engine section being pushed back
4
into the cockpit,
trapping
5
both occupants by their legs.
On arriving,
6
4 minutes after the crash, the rescuers saw that both
occupants were hanging
7
upside down in their shoulder harnesses. The fuel
tank was compressed and had burst at the side and bottom edges.
Most of the 55 litres of 80/87 octane petrol had spurted from the tank
externally or into the cockpit.
The occupants' faces were directly beneath the petrol tank and petrol ran
over them.
The rescuers released the passenger after about 5 minutes. When he
was released he seemed shocked, but did not lose consciousness. Cutting
8
equipment was needed to release the pilot, and he was retained in the
wreckage for 25 minutes, but during this time remained conscious.
216О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
The volume of the cockpit was* 945 litres and there was an opening
9
in
it after the impact, of about 1800 sq. cm.
Both occupants were coughing
10
and complained of some soreness of the
throat and irritation of the eyes. The injured were admitted to a hospital 2
hours after the accident. (Ответ: 1. производил; 2. посадку; 3. сломался; 4.
сдвинулся назад; 5. прищемив; 6. по прибытии; 7. висели; 8. режущий; 9.
отверстие; 10. кашляли.)
Упражнение 2. Найдите в левой колонке слово или словосочетание,
которое поясняет слово в правой колонке.
1.
to substitute
1. left as useless
2.
feasible
2. to begin
3.
to originate
3. to throw down
4.
refuse
4. to put in place of another
5.
to dump
5. possible, likely
(Ответ: 1-4, 2-5, 3-2, 4-1, 5-3.)
LESSON TWENTY-ONE
WATER POLLUTION
Повторение: Функции инфинитива (§ 25)
Часть I
Слова к части I
sewage ['sju:icfc]
псточныеводыindustrial wastes
[in'dAstnal weists]
отходыпромышленногопроиз-
водстваvirus [vaisras] пвирусviral
[vaidrdl]авирусныйdischarge
[dis't|a:dt5] v спускать, выливать;
пспуск, сток, вытеканиеsolve
[solv] v решать (вопрос) solution
[sa'lju:Jn] прешениеsediment
['sedimant] посадокsedimentation
[sedimen'teijn] посаждение
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения с формой
инфинитива в действительном и страдательном залоге.
1. The industries of all countries spend millions to fight air pollution. 2.
The patients to be examined suffered from smoke intoxica-
tion. 3. To avoid air pollution from domestic coal fires (as those in
London) new heating systems were introduced. 4. The case to be
Lesson 21 О217
described illustrates the difficulties in the diagnosis of angina pecto- j ris.
5. The desinfection of the skin of the operated area appears to be carried
out at once. 6. We know bacteria to be very small single celled bodies.
Упражнение 2. Напишите исходные слова к нижеприведенным
производным и переведите их.
bacillary, amoebic, illness, bacteriological, responsibility, foaming /j
i(
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания. / I
virus disease, to estimate highly, discharges from a wound, to dis-
charge a patient from the hospital, sedimentation rate
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите основные проблемы,
вызванные загрязнением природных вод.
Text А
. [ The Problem of Water Pollution
and Pollution Control
1.
Water pollution means contamination of surface or ground water
1
supplies by sewage industrial wastes or garbage and other refuse. Water
pollution arises from the activitites of friary in his cities, industries and
agricultural pursuits.
2.
Water pollution becomes not only an esthetic problem for man, but
an economic and medical one as well. Bacterial and viral contamination
is a threat for the spread of waterborne diseases such as typhoid,
shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, cholera and hepa-
titls
-
'/УцГ
. ' - •\A
3.
Water pollution is considered to be perhaps an ever greater hazard
to health and economic growth menace to recreation than air pollution, i
Millions of fish are killed in coastal waters and rivers each year. Radio-
active wastes detergents, pesticides, and other chemicals are found in
numerous rivers and streams. In addition, demands upon available water
have multiplied because of a larger population, concentrations of people
in large urban areas, higher standards of living, growing industry,
increased agriculture, and the production of new chemical substances
requiring water in the manufacturing process.
4.
Pollution control. An over-all' reduction of the quantities of contam-
inants to be discharged to watercourses is necessary. The users of public
waters have a responsibility for returning them as clean as possible.