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G RAS P T H E G RA M M A R
The twins were born two months ago and they were named on the eighth
and ninth days after their birth.
So Rufus and Lepidina had to use verbs i n the
past
tense to describe the celebrations to Pandora.
They use the
imperfect
tense, which we met in the last chapter. Can you find the
imperfect verbs in the first eight pictures? What does each one mean?
Verbs in the i m perfect tense are easy to spot beca use they
all include the letters
-b
a
-.
Remember that the ending of a
Latin verb tells you
who
is doing the action.
But you won't be surprised to learn that the
i m perfect of the verb "to be" doesn't follow
the pattern: it is
irregular.
"To be" is a really i m portant verb. Compare and
learn the two tenses,
present
and
imperfect
.
Present tense
sum
I am
es
you are (sing.)
est
he/ she/it is
sumus
we are
estis
you are (pI.)
sunt
they are
Imperfect tense
eram
I was
eras
you were (sing.)
erat
he/ she/it was
eramus
we were
eratis
you were (pI.)
erant
they were
Now look back at pictures
2, 4, 5, 9
and
10.
Find the examples of the verb "to be"
in the
imperfect
tense in each picture. What does each one mean?
LATI N ROOTS
Use your knowledge of Latin to explain the underlined word in each sentence.
1
Fran is an excellent musician and enjoys playing in her octet.
2
The teenagers were punished for their infantile behaviour.
3
The crocodile seized the man's leg in a tenacious grip.
Time to go home
After the naming ceremonies, Lepidina and the family returned to
their home in Eboracum. Flavius decided to follow on later, after a day's
hunting with a friend. Candidus is describing the hunt to Pandora.
reveniebat.
c,g vc..nabv/a c,t
vc..tia povtabaM.
WO R DS TO H E L P
Nouns
aper
(m) boar
canes
(m pi) dogs
cervus
(m) deer
domus
(D
home
lepores
(m pi) hares
perdices
(m pi) partridges
retia
(n pi) nets
segosi
(m pi) segosi (a
breed of hunting dog)
silva
(f) wood
Silvanus
(m) god of hunting
venabula
(n pI) hunting spears
venatio
(f) hunt
vertragi
(m pi) vertragi (another
breed of hunting dog)
Vetbs
aderam
I was there
discedebant
they were leaving
faciebas
you were doing
olfaciebant
they were
sniffing / smelling
petebant
they were searching for
portabam
I was carrying
ululabant
they were howling
Imperative
ciira!
take care of!
Mvetbs
celerrime
very quickly
friistra
in vain
Ptonoun
hi
these
rebom
nobiscum
with us
(nobis
[pronoun]
+
cum
[preposition))
G RAS P T H E G RA M M A R
Once again, the picture story was all in the past, so Candidus used the
imperfect
tense to tell it. Have another look at the picture story: there are
16
verbs in the
imperfect
tense.
Can you find them all? Remember
to look for the
-
b
a
-
in the verb!
And remember that the verb "to be" is irregu lar: it
has a different set of endings for its i m perfect ten se.
A few other verbs follow the pattern of the verb "to be" and you have met one of
them here:
adsum
(I am here or I am present). Find it in pictures
2, 4
and
1 0.
Can
you work out what it means each time?
When we take a simple verb like
sum
(I am) and add a
prefix
(a little word that goes
in front of the verb), we make a brand-new verb. This kind of verb is called a
compound verb.
The verb "to be" has several
compounds.
Here are some of them:
ab sum
I am away
adsum
I am here
insum
I am in
possum
I am able
Here is some practice with
com pounds of the verb "to be".
They're all in the i m perfect tense.
What does each one mean?
LAT I N ROOTS
praesum
I am in charge
sub sum
I am under
supersum
I survive
1
aderat
6
2
suberamus
7
3
poterant
8
4
supereramus
9
5
aberas
10
ineram
aderatis
praeerat
aberamus
poterat
Use your knowledge of Latin to work out the meaning of the underlined words.
1
We took Blackie for training at the canine club.
2
The children behaved
towards the new pupil.
3
In geography we are finding out about our country's
and
4
A museum curator must make sure that no one steals precious objects.
5
I get so frustrated when I can't learn Latin vocabulary!