Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

2. Introduction

In the introduction you need to explain the subject and purpose of your presentation whilst gaining the audience's interest and confidence. It's sometimes helpful to think of your introduction as funnel-shaped to help filter down your topic:

- Introduce your general topic.

- Explain your topic area.

- State the issues/challenges in this area you will be exploring.

- State your presentation's purpose - this is the basis of your presentation so ensure that you provide a statement explaining how the topic will be treated, for example, "I will argue that…" or maybe you will "compare", "analyse", "evaluate", "describe" etc.

- Provide a statement of what you're hoping the outcome of the presentation will be, for example, "I'm hoping this will be provide you with..."

- Show a preview of the organization of your presentation.

3. The main body of your talk

There are many different ways to organize your main points, such as, by priority, theme, chronologically etc.:

- Main points should be addressed one by one with supporting evidence and examples.

- Before moving on to the next point you should provide a mini-summary.

- Links should be clearly stated between ideas and you must make it clear when you're moving onto the next point.

- Allow time for people to take relevant notes and stick to the topics you have prepared beforehand rather than straying too far off topic.

4. Conclusion

Follow these steps:

- Signal that it's nearly the end of your presentation, for example, "As we wrap up/as we wind down the talk…"

- Restate the topic and purpose of your presentation - "In this speech I wanted to compare…"

- Summarise the main points, including their implications and conclusions.

- Indicate what is next/a call to action/a thought-provoking takeaway.

- Move on to the last section.

5. Thank the audience and invite questions

Conclude your talk by thanking the audience for their time and invite them to ask any questions they may have. As mentioned earlier, personal circumstances will affect the structure of your presentation.

It's important for a presentation to be well-structured so it can have the most impact on your audience. An unstructured presentation can be difficult to follow and even frustrating to listen to. The heart of your speech are your main points supported by evidence and your transitions should assist the movement between points and clarify how everything is linked.
How to write an abstract

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a concise summary of a larger document – thesis, essay, book, research report, journal publication, etc. – that highlights major points covered in the work, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, identifies the methodology used, and identifies the findings, conclusions, or intended results.

Why are abstracts so important?

The practice of using keywords in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information retrieval systems. Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and keywords are put in electronic storage. When people search for information, they enter keywords related to the subject, and the computer prints out the titles of articles, papers, and reports containing those keywords. Thus, an abstract must contain keywords about what is essential in an article, paper, or report so that someone else can retrieve information from it.

A well-written abstract helps others, who may not be studying in your discipline, understand the purpose and value of your work; therefore, it should be comprehensible on a basic level to the educated non-expert.

Types of abstracts:

Two types of abstracts are typically used: descriptive abstracts and informative abstracts.

1. 
   Descriptive Abstracts
   

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  Tell readers what information the report, article, or paper contains.
  
• 
  Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper.
  
• 
  Do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations.
  

2. 
   Informative Abstracts
   

• 
  Communicate specific information from the report, article, or paper.
  
• 
  Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper.
  
• 
  Provide the report, article, or paper's results, conclusions, and recommendations.
  
• 
  Are short -- from a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted. Usually, informative abstracts are 10% or less of the length of the original piece.
  

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Allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.
CLICHES

1 The Author / the text / the article	1 Автор/ текст/ статья
1) starts by telling the readers (about, that) 2) speaks about… tells about… 3) acquaints with… 4) describes (in details) 5) portrays 6) narrates 7) recounts 8) relates 9) represents 10) dwells upon, touches upon (the problem) 11)shows 12)informs gives a valuable information on 13)notifies 14)lets know 15)instructs gives instructions 16) characterizes	1) начинает(ся) с рассказа о… 2) говорит о … 3) знакомит с… 4) описывает (в деталях) 5) изображает 6) повествует 7) рассказывает 8) излагает 9) представляет 10) касается (вопроса) 11) показывает 12) информирует даёт ценную информацию 13) ставит в известность 14) дает знать 15) дает инструкции 16) характеризует

2 The Author…	2 Автор…
1) writes (about, that) 2) says that 3) reports 4) mentions 5) refers to smth 6) cites / quotes 7) uses / makes use of 8) points out / indicates 9) means 10) thinks 11) states Asserts 12) stresses/ lays stress/ stresses points that… 13)concludes / comes to the conclusion/ arrives to the conclusion	1)пишет о… 2)говорит о… 3)докладывает 4)упоминает 5)ссылается на… 6)цитирует 7)использует 8)указывает 9)имеет ввиду 10)думает, считает 11)утверждает 12)выделяет (тот факт что) 13)делает выводы приходит к выводу

3.The text (the article)…

3.Текст (статья)…

1) is about… 2) deals with… 3) is devoted to (a problem of, a description of) 4) gives a detailed analysis of… 5) has a title (is entitled) 6) begins with… 7) ends… 8) continues / goes on / keeps on.. 9) The main idea of the article / text is… 10)The purpose(aim) of the article text is to provide the reader with some information on… 11)As a title implies the text describes… 12)The text is of great help to… 13)The text is of interest to…

1) о… 2) касается, занимается 3) посвящён (проблеме, описанию) 4) даёт детальный анализ 5) называется 6) начинается с… 7) заканчивается 8) продолжается 9) основной идеей статьи/ текста является… 10)целью статьи/ текста является донести читателям информацию о… 11)согласно названию, в тексте описывается… 12)текст окажет помощь… 13)текст представляет интерес…

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4. Expression of opinion	4.Выражения мнения
1) I (don’t) think that 2) I guess 3) I mean 4) I believe 5) I suppose 6) I’m sure that… 7) I doubt (that, if) 8) I (fully) agree / disagree with the fact that… 9) I dare say 10)I only know that 11)I want to start with 12)As for me… As I see… 13)I have an opinion that… In my opinion	1) я (не) думаю, что… 2) полагаю 3) имею в ввиду 4) считаю 5) предполагаю 6) я уверен, что… 7) я сомневаюсь, что… 8) я (полностью) согласен не согласен с фактом… 9) осмелюсь сказать 10)я только знаю, что… 11)я хотел бы начать с… 12)что касается меня 13)по моему мнению, с моей точки зрения

5.Introductory words and phrases

5.Вводные слова и выражения

1) It is necessary to note that… 2) It should be stressed that... 3) It is extremely important (nowadays) 4) It is rather difficult to… 5)As a matter of fact / in fact/ actually at the text… 6)The point is… 7)The action takes place… 8)According to the article / text… 9)Judging by… 10)Due to… 11)By the way… 12)To my regret… 13)At the same time / meanwhile 14)Among other things… 15)Frankly speaking / to tell the truth… 16)Speaking about…( it is necessary to mention…) 17)In other words… 18)No wonder… 19)That is to say… 20)At first… then… 21)In the first place…( firstly) 22)In the second place..(secondly) 23)on one hand… 24)on the other hand… 25)In short… 26)From the text / article/ episode … we can see… 27)In contrast to… 28)On the contrary… 29)Moreover… 30)Otherwise… 31)Nevertheless… However… Besides… Still…Yet… 32)Presently Evidently / obviously / clearly 33)Fortunately / unfortunately 34)Indeed…Surely / certainly / really 35)Anyway /at any rate / in any case… 36)Though… 37)In spite of… 38)Perhaps / maybe / probably

1) необходимо отметить, что… 2) следует подчеркнуть, что… 3) чрезвычайно важно на сегодня 4) довольно сложно… 5)само собой… 6) дело в том, что… 7)действие происходит… 8)согласно тексту (в соответствии с текстом) 9)судя по… 10)в связи с… 11)кстати 12)к сожалению 13)в то же время 14)среди прочего 15)откровенно говоря 16) говоря о…(необходимо упомянуть…) 17) другими словами… 18) не удивительно 19)так сказать 20)сначала… затем… 21)сперва (на первом месте) 22)затем (на втором месте) 23)с одной стороны… 24)с другой стороны… 25)короче (говоря) 26)из текста/статьи/эпизода мы можем увидеть (узнать)… 27)в отличие от… 28)наоборот 29)более того… 30)в противном случае… 31)тем не менее однако кроме того ещё 32)очевидно 33) к счастью/ к несчастью 34)в самом деле, конечно, действительно 35)в любом случае, так или иначе 36)хотя… 37)несмотря на… 38)возможно, наверное

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6.The development of the action

6.Развитие действия

1) In the beginning… 2) To begin with… To start with… Starting with… Beginning with… 3) From the very start beginning… 4) Firstly / at first/ first of all 5) Later the action /text develops… The action / text moves on to… 6) Further on (the author) describes / writes… 7) Then… Later on… Next… 8) (Soon) after that… 9) The events that follow show… 10)At the end of the text… Finally… Eventually… At last… 11)The last thing to (point out, note…) 12)The text / article ends in… 13)Finishing with… 14) As a result… 15) In conclusion…(I’d like to say)

1) в начале… 2) начиная с… 3) с самого начала… 4) сначала, сперва 5) далее действие развивается… 6) далее автор описывает… 7) затем, в последующем… 8) (вскоре) после этого… 9)последующие события показывают… 10) в конце (текста)… 11) напоследок следует (указать, отметить… 12) текст, статья заканчивается… 13) заканчивая… 14) в результате… 15) в завершение…(я хотел бы сказать)

APPLICATION

UNITS CONVERTIONS

Length Unit Conversions

1 millimeter 0.001 meter

1 centimeter 0.01 meter

1 decimeter 0.1 meter

1 decameter 10 meters

1 hectometer 100 meters

1 kilometer 1000 meters

1 inch (in) 2.54 x 10-2 meters (1 дюйм = 2,54 см)

1 foot (ft) 0.3048 meters/ 12 inches

1 yard 0.9144 meters/ 3feet

1 mile 1.609344 kilometers/ 1760 yards/ 5280 feet/ 63,360 inches

Area Unit Conversions

1 sq. inch 6.4516x10-4 sq. meters

1 sq. foot 9.2903x10-2 sq. meters

1 acre 4.0468x103 sq. meters

1 hectare 1x104 sq. meters

1 sq. mile 2.5888x106 sq. meters

1 barn 1x10-28 square meters

Temperature Unit Conversions

C/5 = F-32/9 = K-273/5

Volume Unit Conversions

1 milliliter 0.001 liter

1 centiliter 0.01 liter

1 deciliter 0.1 liter

1 decaliter 10 liters

1 hectoliter 100 liters

1 kiloliter 1000 liters

1 cubic inch 1.639x10-2 liters

1 pint 473.16 milliliters/ 0.57 liters

1 quart 946.353 milliliters/ 0.946353 liters/ 2 pints

1 gallon 3.785 liters/ 4 quarts/ 8 pints/ 128 fluid ounces

1 cubic foot 28.316 liters

Mass Unit Conversions

1 milligram 0.001 grams

1 centigram 0.01 grams

1 decigram 0.1 grams

1 decagram 10 grams

1 ounce [auns]- унция - 28.3495 grams

1 hectagram 100 grams

1 kilogram 1000 grams

1 stone (st) 6350.29 grams/6,35kg/14 pounds

1 pound (фунт) - 453.592 grams/ 0.453592kg/ 16 ounces

1 ton 907.185kg/ 2000 pounds/ 32,000 ounces

1 hundredweight (центнер) - 8 stone/50,8kg (GB)/ 45,36kg (USA)
The International System of Units (SI)

All systems of weights and measures, metric and non-metric, are linked through a network of international agreements supporting the International System of Units. The International System is called the SI, using the first two initials of its French name Système International d'Unités. The United States is a charter member of this metric club, having signed the original document back in 1875.

In the International System the base units are consistent with the part of the metric system called the MKS system. There are only seven SI base units:

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the meter for distance,

the kilogram for mass,

the second for time,

the ampere for electric current,

the kelvin for temperature,

the mole for amount of substance,

the candela for intensity of light.

Currently there are 22 SI derived units that have special names and symbols.

They include:

the radian and steradian for plane and solid angles, respectively;

the newton for force and the pascal for pressure;

the joule for energy and the watt for power;

the degree Celsius for everyday measurement of temperature;

units for measurement of electricity: the coulomb (charge), volt (potential), farad (capacitance), ohm (resistance), and siemens (conductance);

units for measurement of magnetism: the weber (flux), tesla (flux density), and henry (inductance);

the lumen for flux of light and the lux for illuminance;

the hertz for frequency of regular events and the becquerel for rates of radioactivity and other random events;

the gray and sievert for radiation dose; and

the katal, a unit of catalytic activity used in biochemistry.

the traditional mathematical units for measuring angles (degree, arcminute, and arcsecond);

the logarithmic units bel and neper (and their multiples, such as the decibel); and the nautical mile and knot, units traditionally used at sea and in meteorology;

the bar, a pressure unit, and its commonly-used multiples such as the millibar in meteorology and the kilobar in engineering;

the angstrom and the barn, units used in physics and astronomy.

Each SI unit is represented by a symbol, not an abbreviation. These symbols are the same in every language of the world. However, the names of the units themselves vary in spelling according to national conventions.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК (REFERENCES)

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   Маркова Ю. В. Английский язык в области машиностроительных технологий и оборудования: учебное пособие / Ю. В. Маркова. – Комсомольск-на-Амуре: КнАГТУ, 2015. – 103 с. – Текст: непосредственный.
   
2. 
   Михайлова Ю. В. English for the safety engineering = Техносферная безопасность: учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку / Ю. В. Михайлова, Ю. Ю. Тимкина. – Пермь: ИПЦ «Прокрость», 2016. – 130 с. - Текст: непосредственный.
   
3. 
   Рудницкая О.А. English for Environmental Engineering: учебное пособие / О. А. Рудницкая. – Ижевск: Удмуртский университет, 2012. - 108 c. - Текст: электронный. – URL: http://elibrary.udsu.ru/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/8604/201226.pdf?sequence=1 (дата обращения: 11.11.2021).
   
4. 
   Сушенцова Т. В. English for Safety=Английский язык для студентов ИГЗ.: учебно-методическое пособие / Т. В. Cушенцова, К. М. Роева. – Ижевск: Удмуртский университет, 2017. – 84 с. – Текст: непосредственный.
   
5. 
   Ульянова О. В. Английский для специалистов по защите окружающей среды и безопасности жизнедеятельности : учебное пособие / О. В. Ульянова. – Томск : Изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2011. – 127 с. – Текст : непосредственный.
   
6. 
   Bonamy D. Technical English 3 Workbook without Key (with Audio CD) / D. Bonamy, C. Jacques. – [s. l.]: Longman Pearson, 2011. –128 p. – Direct text.
   
7. 
   Gillam David A. A Framework for K-12 Science Education. Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas / Gillam David A. – URL: https://smile.oregonstate.edu/sites/smile.oregonstate.edu/files/a_framework_for_k-12_science_education.pdf https://smile.oregonstate.edu/sites/smile.oregonstate.edu/files/a_framework_for_k-12_science_education.pdf(date of the application: 02.01.2022). - Text: electronic.
   
8. 
   Ibbotson M. Cambridge English for Engineering / M. Ibbotson. – URL: https://www.academia.edu/29917963/Cambridge_English_for_Engineering_pdf (date of the application: 12.10.2021). - Text: electronic.
   
9. 
   Ibbotson M. Professional English in Use Engineering / M. Ibbotson. – Massachusetts: Cambridge university press, 2009. – 146 p. - Direct text.
   
10. 
    National Academy of Sciences. Climate Change and Ecosystems. – Washington: The National Academies Press. – URL: https://doi.org/10.17226/25504 (date of the application: 22.09.2021). - Text: electronic.
    
11. 
    National Research Council. Materials and Society: From Research to Manufacturing: Report of a Workshop. – Washington: The National Academies Press. – URL: https://doi.org/10.17226/10721 (date of the application: 22.09.2021). - Text: electronic.
    
12. 
    Pohl A. Technical English, Vocabulary and Grammar / A. Pohl, N. Brieger. – URL: Technical_English_Vocabulary_and_Grammar.pdf (date of the application: 22.12.2021). - Text: electronic.
    
13. 
    The Infinitive Constructions. – URL: file:///C:/Users/GigaByte/Downloads/The%20Infinitive%20Constructions.pdf (date of the application: 22.12.2021). - Text: electronic.
    
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    Weiner Ruth E. Environmental engineering. Fourth edition. / Ruth E. Weiner, Robin A. Matthews. - Publisher: Elsevier Science, 2003. – 510 p. – URL: Environmental Engineering FOURTH EDITION (iugaza.edu.ps) (date of the application: 22.11.2021). –Text: electronic.
    

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