Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

1. Complete the sentences using inversion.

1. We can go ahead and book the holiday, but only if you agree. Only if ………. .

2. 
   He only takes time off work when he is really exhausted. Only when he is really exhausted.
   
3. 
   If you had paid in advance, you would have gone a discount. Had … you would have got a discount.
   
4. 
   He took such a long holiday that he lost his job. Such a long holiday … that he lost his job.
   
5. 
   I didn’t expect that I would have such a great time on holiday. Little … I would have such a great time on holiday.
   
6. 
   Refunds are not given for cancellations under any circumstances. Under no … for cancellations.
   
7. 
   We enjoyed our holiday in Spain so much that we booked again for next year. So … holiday in Spain that we booked again for next year.
   

2. Write another sentence with the same meaning using inversion.

1. 
   We can go on with the plan only if you agree. Only if you agree … an with the plan.
   
2. 
   Edward won’t leave the house under any circumstances. Under no circumstances … the house.
   
3. 
   If you’d arrived on time, you wouldn’t have missed the beginning of the play. had … time, you wouldn’t have missed the beginning of the play.
   
4. 
   If I were you, I’d apologise. Were … , I’d apologise.
   
5. 
   He only asks for help when he’s really desperate. Only when he’s really desperate, … for help.
   
6. 
   Nicole didn’t realise that her mother was so worried about her. Little … that her mother was so worried about her.
   
7. 
   She acted so well that she was offered the role. So well … that she was given the role.
   
8. 
   I only watch television when I don’t have anything else to do. Only when I don’t have anything else to do, … television.
   
9. 
   She was so nervous that she kept biting her nails. Such … that she kept biting her nails.
   
10. 
    I didn’t expect that they would throw a surprise party for my birthday. Little … that they would throw a surprise party for my birthday.
    

3. Make up sentences using inversion. In negative sentences add did or do/does.

1.play gamers so most.

2. 
   that to be inscribed order five importance further may details of.
   
3. 
   book there and on was the Monday I reading! was.
   
4. 
   disrespectful her was equally grandmother behavior her to.
   
5. 
   took a steam the Russian baths he glowing into.
   
6. 
   Friday next anniversary our is golden. the cornice Mrs. Smith stood on.
   
7. 
   no gate unguarded at was the left minute.
   
8. 
   exercise single not a practice week did this I.
   
9. 
   was good manners so her closely everybody that came.
   

4.Put the words in the brackets in the correct order.

Under no circumstances 1) ………………… (you/should/tell) any journalists about our tactics for the cup final and in no way 2) ………………… (you/must/give) the other team any clues about which players we will choose to start the game. Not until after the game 3) ………………… (you/will/be able to) talk to reporters. Only in this way 4) ………………… (our plan/will/be) a success. If you all follow these orders, not only 5) ………………… (we/will/have) a good chance of victory on Sunday, but you will also be given some time off after the game.
WRITING FILE

1. 
   Make a presentation to the topics:
   

1.Present all stages in the manufacture of bread.

2. 
   Present all stages in the manufacture of a detached house.
   
3. 
   Present all stages in the manufacture of a car.
   
4. 
   Present all stages in the manufacture of lemonade.
   
5. 
   Present all stages in the manufacture of a book.
   

2. Make a report on the following topics:

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1. 
   Types of Manufacturing Systems
   
2. 
   Manufacturing Engineering
   
3. 
   Small and large Organizations
   
4. 
   Manufacturing Innovations
   
5. 
   Hand Tools to Machine Tools
   
6. 
   Types of Products.
   

REVISION

1. Translate the sentences and point out the types of subordinate clauses.

1. The presence of bacteria most process waters contain may load to the formation of slime with consequent slime spots in the paper which chemicals and water successfully remove.

2. The cosmic rays which originate in the depths of the universe spend many millions of years in flight almost at the speed of light before they arrive at our planet.

3. Thomas Edison’s invention of electric light bulb was the most momentous development of all because it led to the creation of an electric power system which has since reached into nearly every corner of the world.

4. The application of electricity has grown to the point where most of us lead “electrified lives”, surrounded by a variety of devices that use electric energy.

5. Kirchhoff showed that bodies which are good radiators of a given colour when hot, are also good absorbers of the same radiation when cold.

6. Any object when it is viewed by reflected light, will appear to have some definite colour if it reflects that colour well and other extremely poor.

7. He was not sure whether the research the group had fulfilled was important.

8. The food man ate, the air he breathed he conditions he worked in, all these determined the amount of work he could do.
2. Translate sentences. What conditional type is each sentence?

1. Were there no loss of energy by friction, motion would continue indefinitely once it had been started.

2. Had you a more delicate instrument than the compass, you recognize smaller electric or magnetic changes at greater distances.

3. Should the falling body stop all friction would disappear.

4. If Michurin had used only method of artificial selection, he would not have fulfilled his gigantic task.

5. The solar constant is the quantity of energy measured in calories, which would fall in one minute on an area of one square centimeter at the Earth’s surface placed perpendicularly to the radiation, if the Earth had no atmosphere and was at its mean distance from the Sun.
3. Translate the following sentences into Russian using inversion where possible.

1. If you had asked a reputable scientist in 1930 whether large-scale atomic energy were possible, his answer would have been probably not.

2. Provided all the data of the experiment had been important, they would have been tabulated.

3. If friction could be entirely eliminated, a body set in motion or a level surface would continue to move indefinitely.

4. If we discover that the moon is appreciably radioactive it will provide further proof of the hypothesis of the moon’s origin.

5. Unless the temperature rises, the speed of the motion of the molecules will not increase.

6. If we could compare the energy to be found inside the atom with other known power sources, the enormous store of the energy of the atom could be fully appreciated.
4.Read the text and try to understand it without translating. Write an abstract to the text.
The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known to be used in Assyria and ancient Greece. The lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution.

The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BCE when the Ancient Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, freeing both the craftsman's hands to hold the woodturning tools. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system today is called the "spring pole" lathe. Spring pole lathes were in common use into the early 20th century.

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An important early lathe in the UK was the horizontal boring machine that was installed in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of much more accurate and stronger cannon used with success in the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool, making it technically a lathe (see attached drawing). Henry Maudslay who later developed many improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop.

During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control (CNC). Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.

UNIT 5

TECHNICAL SAFETY
“A life without adventure is likely to be unsatisfying,

but a life in which adventure is allowed

to take whatever form it will, is likely to be short”

Bernard Russell (1872-1970), English philosopher

LEAD-IN

1. 
   How are the accidents to people in industrial enterprises called?
   

2. What must one do to prevent accidents?

3. What is the purpose of safety engineering?

4. What is safety?
VOCABULARY

1.Read and learn the following words.

technological hazards - технологические опасности mitigation - смягчение afflict - поражать engineering failures - инженерные сбои power outage - отключение электроэнергии short-term - краткосрочный emergency - чрезвычайная ситуация hamper - мешать blackout - отключение электроэнергии, обесточивание negligence - небрежность arson - поджог mine fires - шахтные пожары, подземные пожары exposuretime - продолжительность воздействия frequent - частый; часто встречающийся overpressure - избыточное давление

extinguisher - огнетушитель contamination - загрязнение scatter - разброс abandoned - заброшенных uninhabitable - необитаемый rupture - разрыв oil spills - разливы нефти conurbation - агломерация to collapse - разрушаться, обваливаться, to contaminate - загрязнять, отравлять debris - осколки, обломки; обрезки environmental damage - ущерб, наносимый окружающей среде explosion - взрыв threat - опасность, угроза toxic release - токсические выбросы waste products - отходы производств sewage - сточные воды; нечистоты

2. 
   Read the following words and word-combinations. Give their Russian equivalents.
   

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Safety engineering, ethical codes, professional competence, to divide into, safety measures, to identify risks, a life-critical system, air traffic, nuclear energy, human mistakes, independent safety barriers, sufficient safety reserves, to minimize the inherent dangers, to diminish the damages, an immediate risk to health, to prevent a worsening of the situation, a threat to marine life.

READING

1. 
   Read and translate the text.
   

SAFETY ENGINEERING

Safety engineering is an applied science strongly related to systems engineering. Safety engineering aims to insure that a life-critical system behaves as needed even when pieces fail.

In the real world the term "safety engineering" refers to any act of accident prevention by a person qualified in the field.

Safety engineering is often reactionary to adverse events, also described as "incidents," as reflected in accident statistics.

Failure to identify risks to safety, and the according inability to address or "control" these risks, can result in massive costs, both human and economic.

Safety is one of the primary goals of engineering. In most ethical codes for engineers safety is mentioned as an essential area of professional competence and responsibility.

Safety has often been defined as the antonym of risk, but that is only part of the truth. In order to achieve safety in practical applications, the dangers that originate in uncertainty are equally important to eliminate or reduce as those that can be expressed in terms of risk. Many safety measures in engineering are taken to diminish the damages that would follow from possible unknown sources of failures. Such measures protect against uncertainty rather than risk.

Several methods are used by engineers to achieve safety in the design and operation of potentially dangerous technology.

Inherently safe design. The first step in safety engineering should always be to minimize the inherent dangers in the process as far as possible. Dangerous substances or reactions can be replaced by less dangerous ones. Fireproof materials can be used instead of flammable ones. In some cases, temperature or pressure can be reduced.

Safety reserves. Constructions should be strong enough to resist loads and disturbances exceeding those that are intended. In most cases, the best way to obtain sufficient safety reserves is to employ explicitly chosen safety factors.

Negative feedback. Dangerous operations should have negative feedback mechanisms that lead to a self-shutdown in critical accident situations or when the operator loses control. Two classical examples are the safety valve that lets out steam when the pressure becomes too high in a steam boiler and the "dead man's handle" that stops the train when the driver falls asleep. One of the most important safety measures in the nuclear energy industry is to ensure that a nuclear reactor closes down automatically when a meltdown approaches.

Multiple independent safety barriers. In order to avert serious dangers, a chain of barriers is needed, each of which is independent of its predecessors so that if the first fails, then the second is still intact, and so on. Typically the first barriers are measures to prevent an accident, after which follow barriers that limit the consequences of an accident, and finally rescue services as the last resort. One of the major lessons from the Titanic disaster (1912) is that an improvement of the early barriers is no excuse for reducing the later barriers (such as access to lifeboats).

Maintenance and inspections. Many severe accidents have resulted from insufficient maintenance of installations or pieces of equipment that were originally in excellent shape. Regular inspections by persons with sufficient competence and mandate are an efficient means to prevent this from happening.

Educated and responsible operators. Human mistakes are an important source of accidents. An efficient countermeasure is to educate workers, authorize them to temporarily stop processes they consider to be acutely dangerous, and encourage them to take initiatives to improve safety.

Incidence reporting. Experience from air traffic and nuclear energy shows that systems for reporting and analyzing safety incidents are an efficient means to prevent accidents. Systems for anonymous reporting facilitate the reporting of human mistakes.

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Safety management. Safety can be achieved only in an organization whose top management gives priority to safety and aims at continuous improvement.
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

EMERGENCY

An emergency is a situation which poses an immediate risk to health, life, property or environment. Most emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation of damage may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer help for the aftermath.

While some emergencies are self evident (such as a natural disaster which threatens many lives), many smaller incidents require the subjective opinion of an observer (or affected party) in order to decide whether it qualifies as an emergency.

The precise definition of an emergency, the agencies involved and the procedures used, vary by jurisdiction, and this is usually set by the government, whose agencies (emergency services) are responsible for emergency planning and management.

In order to be defined as an emergency, the incident should be one of the following:

– immediately threatening to life, health, property or environment;

– have already caused loss of life, health, property or environmental damage;

– have a high probability of escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property or environment.

Whilst most emergency services agree on protecting human health, life and property, the environmental impacts are not considered sufficiently important by some agencies. This also extends to areas such as animal welfare, where some emergency organizations cover this element through the 'property' definition, where animals which are owned by a person are threatened (although this does not cover wild animals). This means that some agencies will not mount an emergency response where it endangers wild animals or environment, although others will respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea which pose a threat to marine life). The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

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