Файл: Учебное пособие по английскому языку для практических занятий студентов 2 курса.docx

, is called a tap (метчик).
4. Find out the English equivalents in the text for the given words and word-combinations.

Оптимальный расход капитала; приводимый в действие вручную; гаечный ключ; плоскогубцы; резак; напильник; ударный инструмент; отвертка; тиски; зажим; ножницы; ножовки; сверло; круглое поперечное сечение; электропривод; режущий инструмент; абразивный круг; закалённая сталь; под давлением; непрерывное вращение детали; различные формы штампов.
5. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

1. spark erosion 2. lathe 3.shaper 4.planer 5.grinder 6. dies 7. matrix 8. drawplate 9. tap

is the most important machine-tool producing parts of circular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting its surface with a sharp stationary tool. is machining very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark between an electrode and a workpiece. d. is the largest of the reciprocating machine-tools; e. is the machine-tool removing metal by a rotating abrasive wheel f. is the machine-tool being used mainly to produce different flat surfaces. g. is the corresponding tool for cutting an inside thread, such as that inside a nut; h. are tools used for the shaping solid materials; i. is the smaller die or punch fitting inside the large die j. is a metal plate containing a number of holes

5. Say if the following statements are true or false:

1. 
   Machine-tools with electrical drive are slower and less accurate than hand tools.
   
2. 
   Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.
   
3. 
   The movement of the tool, both along the lather bed and at left angle to it, cannot be accurately controlled, so enabling a part to be machined to close tolerances.
   
4. 
   Modern lathes are seldom under numerical control.
   
5. 
   The shape can make any surface having straight-line elements.
   
6. 
   Grinders remove metal by a rotating abrasive wheel.
   
7. 
   The wheel is composed of many large grains of abrasive, bonded separately, with each grain acting as a huge cutting tool.
   

8. The metal to be formed, usually a sheet, is placed under the matrix on the press.

9. The simplest dies are piercing dies, used for punching holes.

10. In coining, metal is forced to flow into three matching dies, each of which bears an engraved design.

11. In the manufacture of wire, a drawplate isn’t usually employed.

12. For cutting threads on bolts or on the outside of pipes, a thread-cutting die is used.
6.Answer the following questions. Find answers in the text.

1. 
   What are machine-tools used for?
   
2. 
   What facilities have all machine-tools?
   
3. 
   What machining methods have been developed lately?
   
4. 
   What system are used now for the manufacture of a range of products without the use of manual labour?
   
5. 
   What parts can be made with lathes? How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe?
   
6. 
   What is numerical control of machine tools used for?
   
7. 
   What is the shaper used for? How does the shaper work?
   
8. 
   What is the planer? What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer?
   
9. 
   What is the working tool in a grinder? Why do grinding machines require fine wheel regulation?
   

11. Where are dies especially employed? What are bending and folding dies designed for?

12. What are wiredrawing dies made from?

13. Why is the thread-cutting die lubricated with oil?

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14 What is called a tap?
8. Define advantages of modern machine-tools.

9. Describe the functions of a machine tool.
TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES
VOCABULARY

1. 
   Read and learn the following words.
   

metalworking - металлообработка joining - сборка normalizing - нормализация riveting - клепка technique - метод sheet - лист billet - заготовка, болванка orifice - отверстие cross section - поперечное сечение die - штамп, волочильная доска open-die forming - ковка в открытом штампе to enclose - заключать machining - механическая обработка rod - кнут, стержень tolerance - допуск upsetting - высадка, выдавливание

window frame - рама окна initial piece - заготовка thick-walled - толстостенный mandrel - оправка, сердечник fitting - зд. посадка ram - плунжер yield point - точка текучести металла shearing - обрезка, обрезание to grip - схватывать forming operation - операция штампования excess - лишний finishing - отделка, чистовая обработка foundry man - литейщик hardering - закалка excess - лишний

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2. 
   Match the words and phrases in columns.
   

   advantage	начальный
   initial	сокращение
   reduction	достигать
   to achieve	упрочнять
   to harden	соединять
   to join	преимущество
   to retain	подвергать
   to subject	удерживать

3. Read and translate the text.

The processing of metals is considered to be the most indispensable part of fabricating a wide range of products, such as the tiniest parts used in electronics, electrical and radio engineering, watch-making, all kinds of measuring devices, ect., on the one hand, and gigantic parts for turbines, engines, machine-tools and even whole sections of machines to produce machinery, on the other.

Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques:

Casting may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds.

The most commonly used casting processes are: sand casting, mould casting, die casting, investment and precision casting, and centrifugal casting.

Forming, contrary to casting, applies to shaping the metal in the solid state, which is possible due to the peculiar property most metals possess, called “ductility”. Forming is generally assumed to include: rolling, forging, stamping and pressing, that is, the processes involving plastic deformation of the metal being shaped.

Machining is the term applied to a group of processes consisting in removing excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to obtain a desired shape. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine-tools are employed, the most important ones being the milling, boring, turning and grinding machines and the lathe, the latter being one of the most widely used production machines.

Joining comprises a variety of methods, such as welding, soldering brazing, and riveting, which are used for attaching one surface to another.

Heat treatment is used to cause the desired property variations by means of controlled temperature changes. Only by heat treatment is it possible to impart the metal the high mechanical properties required for the operation of modern machinery and tools. There are four major groups of heat treatment, namely, hardening, annealing, tempering, and normalizing.

It might prove useful to mention about technological processes:

Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. An example of drawing is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in one die is limited, but several dies in series can be used to get the desired reduction.

Sheet metal forming (штамповка листового металла) is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. It includes forging, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. Bending can be done by pressing between two dies. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.

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Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It is usually done hot in order to reduce the required force and increase the metal’s plasticity.

Coining involves small strains and is done cold. Upsetting involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. An example of this process is the pushing of a short length of a rod through a hole, clamping the rod, and then hitting the exposed length with a die to form the head of a nail or bolt.

Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced are rolled at least once in the course of production. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.

Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminium window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.

Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel help the inside.

In back-extrusion (штамповка выдавливанием) the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminium beer cans.
4. Match the words and the word combinations on the left with their definitions on the right.

1. hot working 2. cold working 3. extrusion 4. sheet metal forming 5. forging 6. shearing 7. upsetting 8. casting 9. machining 10. heat treatment 11. forming

a) is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. b) is the process when metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forget above their recrystallization. c) is the process being performed bellow the recrystallization temperature. d) is the process which involves a flow of the metal back upon itself. e) is widely used process when parts of certain shape and size are needed. f) is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth. g) is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. h) is the term applied to a group of processes consisting in removing excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to obtain a desired shape. k) is the process which applies to shaping the metal in the solid state. l) may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds. m) is the process being used to cause the desired property variations by means of controlled temperature changes.

5. Say if the following statements are true or false.

1. 
   Metalworking processes can be divided into five groups: rolling, extrusion, drawing, forging, sheet-metal forming.
   
2. 
   Casting may be briefly described as fabricating by means of transforming the metal from solid to liquid state in specially designed moulds.
   
3. 
   The most commonly used casting processes are: sand casting, mould casting, die casting, investment and precision casting, centrifugal casting, die casting, investment and precision casting, centrifugal casting.
   
4. 
   Forming applies to shaping the metal in the liquid state, which is possible due to the peculiar property most metals possess called “stiffness”.
   
5. 
   Joining comprises a variety of methods such as welding, soldering, brazing, and riveting, which are used for attaching one surface to another.
   
6. 
   There are three major groups of heat treatment, namely hardening, annealing, tempering.
   
7. 
   Rolling can be done either hot or cold.
   
8. 
   Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded.
   

9. Sheet metal forming includes forming, bending and shearing.

10. Forming is the shaping of a piece of metal by pudding with open or closed dies.

11. Open-die forging is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made.

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12. Upsetting starts with a rod or bar cut to the length needed to fill the die.

13. Coining involves small strains and is done cold.
6. Answer the following questions. Find answers in the text. Put the number of the paragraph.

1. 
   What are the main metalworking processes?
   
2. 
   What are the major techniques of metal processing?
   
3. 
   How may casting be briefly described? What are the most commonly used casting processes?
   
4. 
   What kind of machine-tools are generally employed?
   
5. 
   What operations are used to cause the desired property variations in metal and alloys?
   
6. 
   What are high mechanical properties required for? What are the four major groups of heat treatment?
   

7.Why are metals worked mostly hot? What properties does cold working give to metals?

8.What is rolling? Where is it used?

9.What is extrusion? What shapes can be obtained after extrusion?

10. What does drawing consist of?

11. What is sheet metal forming and where it is can be used?

12. Why is forging usually done hot? What are the types of forging?

13. Where are coining and upsetting used?

7. 
   Prepare the retelling of the text.
   

8. 
   Read the text and write an abstract.
   

MANUFACTURING INNOVATION

Manufacturing innovation promise to impact every aspect of the manufacturing businesses, from design, research and development, production, supply chain and logistics management through to sales, marketing and even end of life management. These innovations will create highly intelligent, information-driven factories and distributed business models that can respond rapidly to change and deliver entirely new customised smart products and services:

1) Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is the fastest-growing sector of manufacturing globally, due to the many benefits it offers companies in terms of new product development, time to market, reduced waste and product cost.

2) Automation and robotics.

Assistive robots work collaboratively with humans and each other, to improve sensing, awareness and decision-making capabilities that allow full autonomy and self-learning behaviour. The systems use artificial intelligence which the manufacturers solely depend on, to make wise decisions on the optimization of their business goals. In the present day, the use of assembly systems and conveyor belts in the manufacturing sector proves to be a huge asset in meeting all the tasks.

3) Software Manufacturers use business automation and inventory management tools which help them with material requirements planning, inventory control, and proper accounting. Aside from that, these systems automate custom quoting for the high-end customers, manage orders and process all purchases from wholesalers. A high-scale manufacturer uses elite software which is powerful enough to handle both the financial and warehouse management, quite accurately.

4). Advanced materials are new or modified materials that have been engineered to provide superior performance across multiple characteristics such as strength, weight and formability.

5). Sensors and data analytics have multiple applications for business, including predictive maintenance, logistical tracking for operational efficiencies, and quality control.

6). The use of augmented and virtual reality helps to test and optimise designs and machine settings, enable remote collaboration, and worker training.

The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be necessary for a processing engineer, in order that he may choose the most advantageous and economical techniques.

The ability to see his work as part of the whole process rather than an individual operation may be said to be the major requirement any processing engineer is expected to meet.
SPEAKING

1. Make a report on the following topics:

1. 
   What types of manufacturing systems do you know?
   
2. 
   What is Manufacturing Engineering?
   
3. 
   Can you name any of manufacturing innovations?
   
4. 
   How did the manufacturing process develop from hand tools to machine tools?
   

2. Discussion points.

1.The difference and the similarity between the shaper and the planer.

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