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92 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
Часть II
Слова к части II
close [klous]а близкий, закрытыйtiny ['taini]а очень маленький, кро-
constitute ['konstitju:t] vобразовы- шечный
вать, составлять
dilate [dai'leit] vрасширяться)
substance ['sAbstans] nвещество
transparent [traens'peargnt] а
прозрачный, просвечивающийся
flow [flou] vтечь, протекать;
nпоток,
ток (крови)
though[бои]cjхотя, несмотря на
neckп шея
bloodpressure[Ъ1лс1 'preja]
кровяное давление occur[э'кэ:]
vпроисходить; встречаться
dilation [dai'leif(d)n] п
расширение,
распространение
tracevследить, проследить,
находить, различать thick [Oik]а
густой, частый, плотный
thesamepronтот же самый clot
[kbt] п сгусток крови, тромб due
[dju:]а должный, надлежащий;
duetoвследствие, из-за, благо-
даря;beduetoбыть вызванным,
быть обусловленным
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания.
1. on the one side, on the other side, on the opposite side; 2. due to, in
due time, with due respect; 3. according to the rule
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите
какой частью речи являются выделенные слова.
1. The walls of the arteries and veins are thicker than those of the
capillaries. The former are less permeable for fluid. 2. There are no blood
capillaries in certain parts of the body. These are the epidermis, epithelium
and some others. 3. We call the valve that separates the chambers, the
atrium and the ventricle the mitral valve. 4.Both the superior and inferior
venae cavae empty into the right atrium. Bothcarryvenousblood.
Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, что
является предметом обсуждения. 2) Найдите предложения, где
употребляются:
а)
глаголы-сказуемые
во
времениPerfect;б)
прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени; в)
словаbecause, becauseof. 2) Переведите эти предложения.
TextВ
Л
L.
1
, /
: f
S ■ " - , Almost all parts of the body
are vascular. Minute and very close-set
Lesson 4 -О-
canals, whicfy^ave opened iijtp one another traVe^se them and constitute a
smaU-meshfed
The canals or rather tubes have distinct but
very delicat^, yajls. The walls contain a membrane that includes a number
of thin epithelial cells, which af^ bound (связаны) together at their edges.
There is a small oval rj^feu^ irf dach^of these cells. These tubes are the
blood capillaries. ТЬѐуvary in
diameter from 7 to 12 mm.
But there are certain parts of the body in which these blood capillaries
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И
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t
Lesson 3 ❖ 71
[ Сpi оЙ.
have been absent. These are the epidermis and epithejiurr^ the jnail^ and
hairs, the substance of the teeth and tfre tonsp^fejit сшпеа
Р
of the eye.
Tiny rings of muscles, precapillary'-sphincters, regulate the flow of blood
into capillaries. The question of nervous control of the precapillary
sphincters still remains the subject of the study.
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The capillary tubes contain the red fluid, blood. They join on opposite
sides and form larger tubes, with thicker walls, which are the smallest
arteries on the one side, and veins, on the jotter, piepe apin^oirji on to
larger arteries and veins, which ukimafely commu
a few principal
arterial'and^Veridiiii trunks with the heart. The meffe fact that the walls of
thesS vessels are thicker than those of the capillaries constitutes an impor-
tant difference between the capillaries and the small arteries and veins.
The most important difference between these vessels and the capillar-
ies, however, is that their walls jire pot onl^ ^thicker, but also more complex.
They have got several coils* оце., at teasi, oy wftich Kas been muscular.
The number and even nature of these coats differ according to the size
because the vessels are not the same in the veins as in arteries, though the
smallest veins and arteries resemble each other.
The venous system starts
with the vlfifteg into "which the capillaries
empty. Sijiall veins and form larger ones. The larger veins join and form the
vende tavae.
superior^ vena cava collects the blood from
the head, neck, arms, and thorax, and the inferior Verfrcava, from the legs
and abdomen. Both empty into the right atrium.
Pressure in the venous system is low. In the vein at the level of the heart
the pressure would be more than 5—7 mm Hg.
1
It is evident that in the
erect position blood,that returns to the heart from the feet has to overcome
the force of gravity through a distance of about 4 ft.
2
Veins, probably
because of the low blood pressure and the absence of pulse
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кГЛл?
r
Dr
7
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1
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10
' ! *Y /
waves, are in comparison to arteries, relatively intimune to disease. Phle-
bitis sometimes occurs; this is the formaiton of blood clots within veins
because of some infectious process in their walls.
-I *. t .
L
' v . ^ .
Notes
- f l f > 'O) J i
1.
5—7 mm Hg- 5—7 millimeters of Mercury
2.
4 ft—4 feet (foot = 30,5 centimetres)
v
Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно
выражающие мысль каждого данного суждения, и прочтите их.
1. The capillaries form a small-meshed network. 2. The blood capillaries
are absent in some parts of the body. 3. There are some differences
72 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
between the veins, arteries and capillaries. 4. The veins are more
immune to diseases than the arteries. 5. Phlebitisisduetosomeinfection.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 3
Упражнение 1. Укажите, где глаголtohaveне переводится.
1. We have attended English lessons since September. 2. The heart is
a hollow organ and has four chambers. 3. I have never been to Yaroslavl.
4. The capillaries have thin walls.
(Ответ: 1,3. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 12 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Переведите прилагательные и определите их
степень сравнения.
1. slightest; 2. most coloured; 3. more delicate; 4. more permeable; 5.
less infectious; 6. normal; 7. much more complex; 8. less transparent; 9.
important; 10. much thicker; 11. much lower
(Ответ: положительная степень — 6, 9; сравнительная степень —
3,
4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11; превосходная степень —1,2. Если вы ошиблись,
повторите § 3 Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение
3.
Укажите,
в
каких
предложениях
словоbecauseпереводится
«так
как»,
«потому
что».
Переведитеэтипредложениянарусскийязык.
1. The heart pumps about five litres of blood in one minute because it
beats 60—80 times a minute and ejects about 130 cubic centimetres of
blood at each beat. 2. The woman's heart beats 6 or 8 times a minute
faster than that of the man because of the smaller size of her heart. 3.
The mouse's heart flutters at 500 beats per minute because of its tiny
size.
4.
The frog's heart beats 30 times per minute in warm weather because
cold-blooded animals live at a much lower level of internal chemical
activity.
(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 4. Определите, в каких предложениях выделенное
слово является сказуемым. Переведитеэтипредложения.
1. The heart beats72 times a minute. 2. The heart beats were weak. 3.
The heart pumps the blood through the circulatory system. 4. The