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Lesson 3 О-73
heart is a pump that forces the blood-through the circulatory system.
5.Rest is necessary after hard worjc. 6. The dark glasses rest my eyes.
(Ответ: 1, 3, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 10 Грамматичес-
кого справочника.)
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения.
V ■''.■-'(</
t
"
. -: *
. . V
1. They obtained good results. 2. The fluid reduces friction which
results from the heart movement. 3. A temperature decrease results in a
slower heart rate. 4. We began our work after due consideration.
5. "His
sudden weakness was due to anaemia.
'
V
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I
■1 i i U' ">Л ' v'':[ кijf ? ^Q ЦЛ'- •• ,<t (Л; ■ ■
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1.
ВременагруппыIndefinite, Continuous, Perfect
(Passive Voice)(§ 14)
2.
Функции и перевод словаone (ones)(§ 36)
3.
Существительные в функции определения (§ 1)
Часть I
Слова к части I
respiration [respa'reij9n]
пдыханиеrespiratory
[ris'pai9r3t9ri] адыхательный
waste products ['weist 'proctakts]
продуктыраспадаremove [ri'mu:v]
v удалять, выводитьinhale
[in'heil] v вдыхатьinhalation
[inha'leijsn] n вдыханиеexhale
[eks'heil] v выдыхатьexhalation
[ekshs'leijbn] n
выдыханиеbreathe [bri:d] v
дышатьpass [pa:s] v
проходитьpassage, passage-way
['paesidj], ['paesicfcwei] n проход,
воздухоносныйпуть
windpipe [windpaip] n
дыхательноегорло
trachea [tra'kia] n трахеяbronchus
['brogkas] (pi. bronchi
74 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
['brogkai]) n
бронхbronchial[Ъгэг)к1э1]абронх
иальныйdivide [di'vaid] v
делитьsurround [sa'raund] v
окружатьinvolve [in'vDlv] v
вовлекать, затрагивать
involvement [in volvmsnt] n
вовлечение
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие пары предложений и переведите
их на русский язык.
1. We call three major types of blood vessels arteries, veins and cap-
illaries. - Smaller branches of arteries are called arterioles. 2. The heart
pumps the blood into the lung by circulatory system. - From the left heart
the blood is pumped into the aorta. 3. Pulmonary artery divides into two
branches. — The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper
arm, the forearm and the hand. 4. The right carotid artery distributes blood
to all parts of the right side of the neck, face, head and brain. - The blood
from the aorta is distributed throughout the body.
Упражнение 2. Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите время
и залог сказуемого. Переведитепредложения.
1. These textbooks will be distributed among all the students of our
group. 2. Harvey collected ideas of the circulation of blood which until then
had been studied but not confirmed by experiments. 3. Lymph passes
through the lymphatic glands which act as filters and keep back any
poisonous material, such as germs that has been brought to them in the
lymph. 4. Those who have been in close contact with the infected patients
must be quarantined for a time. 5. The heart muscle is nourished by
coronary arteries. 6. When the left ventricle is contracting its contained
blood is being forced into the aortic artery.
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения. Определите какую функцию
выполняет словоone (ones).
1. There are four chambers in the heart: two smaller ones, the auricles,
and two larger ones, the ventricles. 2. One often describes the heart as
consisting of a base and an apex. 3. Harvey showed that there was a
double channel: in one set of vessels — the arteries, away from the heart; in
another set — the veins to the heart. 4. One must remember that air is at all
times full of bacteria.
Lesson 3 О-75
Упражнение 4. Прочтите следующие предложения. Замените
выделенные
существительные
словами-заменителямиone
(ones).Переведитепредложения.
1. Here are some books, which book do you want? 2. This text is very
difficult to translate without a dictionary; give me another text. 3. My watch
is not working well. I must buy a new watch. 4. These exercises are much
easier than the exercises we translated at the last lesson.
Lesson 4 -О-
v/
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Назовите
существительные, выполняющие функцию (левого) определения.
blood circulation, one-way valve, cone-shaped organ, striated muscle
tissue, smooth muscle cells, heart valves action, heart beat rate, tissue
oxygen supply, heart blood output
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие группы
существительных. Помните, что основное слово стоит последним в
ряду слов и перед ним нет ни артикля, ни предлога.
1. The blood-pressure measurement method is very simple. 2. The heart
wall is composed of two layers. 3. The arterioles divide into smaller tissue
capillaries which are near the body cells. 4. In this picture you can see the
blood vessel size differences. 5. Smooth muscle tissue predominates in the
small arteries and elastic tissue — in the large arteries.
Упражнение 7. Прочтите следующие слова. Переведите их.
carbon dioxide ['ка:Ьэпdai'oksaid], waste products ['weist 'prodakts],
nitrogen ['naitradbpn], cilium ['siliam] (pi. cilia ['silia]), nasapharynx [
neiza'faerigks], sinuses ['sainasiz], pleura ['plusra]
Упражнение 8. Напишите данные слова в 3 столбика в соответствии с
чтением суффикса-edкак [t], [d], [id] и переведите их.
removed, exhaled, distinguished, involved, inhaled, circulated, diffused,
breathed, called, produced, included, provided, connected
Упражнение 9. Отработайте чтение 4-го абзаца текста А.
Упражнение 10. Познакомьтесь с разными значениями суффикса-ing.
Переведите производные слова.
1.
глагол +-tag= существительное: toreadчитать — readingчтение.
feeling, breathing, functioning (of the system), (the) sustaining (of life)
2.
-tag- встречается в прилагательных, развившихся из причастий
настоящего времени: healingцелебный.
striking, stunning, demanding, misleading, understanding
Упражнение 11.Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. to respire, respiration, expiration, inspiration, respiratory, inspiratory;
2. to produce, product, production, productive, producing; 3. to inhale,
inhalation, to exhale, exhaled, exhaling; 4. breath, to breathe, breathing,
breathless, breathlessness; 5. to pass, passage, passing, passage-way.
Lesson 6 О- 77
Упражнение 12.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания.
expiratory centre, respiratory mechanism, waste product, metabolic
product, the air conducting passage-ways, to inhale (breathe in) oxygen, to
exhale carbon dioxide, surrounding tissues
Упражнение 13. Прочтите данные группы слов и переведите их.
1. through, throughout, though, although; 2. case, cause, course; 3.
some, same, sum; 4. since, science
Упражнение 14. Просмотрите текст А. Назовите тему и основные
положения текста.
Text А The respiratory system
1.
Respiration occurs in all living things, both plants and animals.The
proper function of this system is perhaps the most important one in the
sustaining of life. Interruption of breathing for only a few minutes by
suffocation or strangulation causes death. In the human organism, res-
piration consists of those processes by which the body cells and tissues
make use of oxygen and by which carbon dioxide or the waste products of
respiration are removed.
2.
Inhaled air contains about 20 per cent oxygen and four hundredths of
one per cent carbon dioxide. Exhaled air consists of approximately 16 per
cent oxygen and 4 per cent carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, which makes up about
79 per cent of the atmosphere, is not involved in the breathing process.
When air is inhaled into the lungs, a portion of the oxygen is passing into the
blood and is being circulated through the body. At the same time, carbon
dioxide is being diffused out of the blood into the lungs and exhaled.
3.
Air is breathed through either the mouth or nose into the oral cavity, or
pharynx. It then passes through the voice box, or larynx, into the windpipe,
or trachea. The trachea ultimately divides into two smaller tubes, bronchi,
one is going to each lung. The bronchi divide into tiny passage-ways that
are named bronchioles, which lead directly to minute air sacs, or alveoli.
The exchange of life-giving gases is effected through the walls of the
alveoli.