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78 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
4.
One must know that mechanisms in
the 'upper res'piratory /tract 'serve to
'filter, and warm the 'air in its 'journey to
the \ lungs. | J The 'hairs, or 'cilia, in the
nostrils partially 'filter out 'dust particles as
does 'sticky se'cretion, 'mucus, which has
been pro'duced by 'mucous /cells. | It
lines the /mouth, 'nasal /passages, |
/pharynx | and \trachea. | | 'Cilia in the
'nasal 'passages and /trachea | are
effective in helping to re'move 'foreign
/particles | from the 'upper res'piratory \
tract. | |
5.
Other structures which have been
connected with the system include: the
laryngeal tonsils, which are masses of
tissue in the nasopharynx or posterior
portions of the nasal passages (adenoids
are infected or diseased laryngeal tonsils);
the sinuses, cavities in the bones in the
front part of the skull that provide reso-
nance to the voice, and the pleura, a
double-walled membrane which sur-
rounds the lungs.
6.
When the diaphragm contracts
and flattens, it contributes to the ex-
t *
tension of the vertical diameter of the
thoracic cavity. Air is constantly renewing
in the lungs. The capacity of the air passages is increasing. Any muscular
effort, e.g. even standing up, increases the number of respirations.
Упражнение 15. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзацы 5 и 6
переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие
вопросы и шчитайте их.
1. What gases are involved in breathing? 2. What parts of the respiratory
system does the air pass on its way to the alveoli? 3. What are the other
structures connected with the system? 4. Does the diaphragm contribute to
the extension of the vertical diameter of the thoracic
Fig. 4.Pathway of air from the
nose to the capillaries of the
lungs.
Adenoid
s
Tonsils
Lesson 6 О- 79
cavity? 5. Any muscular effort increases the number of respirations,
doesn't it?
3) Составьте план текста A. Упражнение 16. Подберите к
латинским словам английские эквиваленты.
trachea
voice box
cilium
hair
pharynx
oral cavity
larynx
windpipe
Упражнение 17. Подберите пары синонимов.
to consist of, to take part in, fine, air passage, to occur, respiratory
tract, to happen, minute, to be involved in, to be made of
Упражнение 18. Образуйте пары антонимов к данным словам,
используя приставку ех-, и переведите их.
to inhale, inspiration, to include
Упражнение19.Образуйте форму множественного числа от данных
латинских слов.
trachea, broncus, alveolus, cilium, pleura Упражнение
20.Выберите верный перевод
Each lung is выделенных слов
1. surrounded by a double-folded membrane, the pleura, (окружает,
окружило, окружено) 2. The tonsils are located in the oropharynx,
(былирасположены, расположат, расположены) 3. Numerous
questions were being discussed at the lesson, (обсуждались,
обсуждают, будутобсуждены) 4. The concept of respiration was based
directly upon the work of Lavoisier, (былаоснована, основывают,
основана) 5. The total number of alveoli in the lung has been estimated
as 750 millions, (насчитывают, насчитали, насчитал)
Упражнение 21. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните
перевод данных глаголов, требующих после себя определенных
предлогов.
80 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
to refer to, to speak of, to take care of, to send for, to wait for, to think
of
1. Respiration is usually thought of as the mechanical process of
breathing. 2. Disease germs are sometimes referred to as bugs. 3. Those
patients have been taken care of by the nurses. 4. By the discovery of
tubercule bacillus Robert Koch'had been already much spoken about.
This lecture has long been waited for.
Упражнение 22. Переведите предложения, используя разные способы
перевода страдательного залога.
1. During the experiment all the work was being done automatically. 2.
The lungs are separated from other organs of the body in a movable
rigid-box - the chest cavity. 3. The boy with pneumonia was given
necessary treatment. 4. In this journal, the method of examination of
bronchi has been spoken of. 5. Air is breathed into the lungs 20 times a
minute all our lives. 6. Foreign substances in the blood stream are known
as emboli.
Упражнение 23. Переведите предложения, определите, где
словоoneне переводится.
1. One must consider respiration essentially as exchange of gases - one
in the lungs and one in the tissues. 2. Pneumonia may be caused by one of
the different kinds of bacteria (germs), pneumococcus. 3. The thoracic
cavity that consists of ribs and muscles is the one for heart, lungs and other
viscera. 4. The lungs are built of alveoli and through the bronchi, larynx,
pharynx, mouth cavity and nasal one they expire carbon dioxide (C0
2
) and
inspire oxygen. 5. In the cross-sections one can see how the lungs are
separated from the chest wall by the pleura.
Упражнение 24.Переведитеследующиесловосочетания.
1. life-giving gas, life-giving gas exchange; 2. tissue masses, tissue
masses structures; 3. respiration waste products, respiration waste prod-
ucts removal; 4. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide exhalation; 5. double-
walled membrane, double-walled lung membrane; 6. blood capillaries,
blood capillaries dense network; 7. thoracic cavity volume, thoracic cavity
volume increase; 8. body cell oxygen, body cell oxygen supply.
Упражнение 25. Переведите на английский язык.
Lesson 6 О- 81
1. Дыхание свойственно всему живому — как животным, так и
растениям. 2. В процессе дыхания ткани поглощают кислород, а
углекислый газ выводится из организма. 3. Воздух, который мы
вдыхаем, содержит около 20% кислорода. 4. Бронхи делятся на мел-
кие воздухоносные пути, называемые бронхиолами. 5. Прекращение
дыхания даже на несколько минут приводит к смерти.
82 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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Часть II
Слова к части II
exhange [iks'tfeincfe] nобмен;
vобмениваться) alveolus
[ael'vialas] (pi.alveoli
[ael'vialai]) nальвеола alveolar
[ael'viols] а альвеолярный dense
[dens] а плотный transverse
['traenzva:s] а поперечный flatа
плоский
flatten ['flaetn] уделать(ся)
ровным, плоским
since [sins]advс тех пор;prpс
(како- го-л. времени);cjтак как,
поскольку
content ['kontant] п содержимое
eliminate [i'limineit] vвыводить,
удалять
elimination [ilimi'neijn] nвыведе-
ние, удаление contribute
[ksn'tribjut] v (to)содействовать,
способствовать through
[Oru:]prepсквозь, через
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.
Проверьтесебяпословарю.
maximum, production, pleural, passively, position, elasticity, tract,
pulmonary, ventilation
Упражнение 2.Подберитепарысинонимов.
interior, per minute, to take place, because, to occur, since, internal, each
minute, a minute
Упражнение 3. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы, используя
приставки ex-, un-, in-.
interior, decrease, inspiratory, important Упражнение
4.Прочтите и запомните перевод словrest, activity.
1.
rest остаток: the rest of the students, the rest of blood, for the rest
востальном; покой: at rest всостояниипокоя, a resthome домотдыха
2.
activity 1.неиснислдеятельность: respiratory activity; активность:
political activity of the masses; 2.обычн. pi.деятельность (вопред.
области): his social (political) activities
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и запомните следующие устойчивые
словосочетания с предлогомat.
atrestв состоянии покоя
attimesвременами, иногда
atallвообще, совсем
atfirstсначала