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Lesson 6 О- 83
atlastнаконец
atthesametimeв то же самое время
atleastпо крайней
%
(меньшей) мере
Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст В (время 10 мин). 1) Скажите, на
сколько частей можно разделить текст. 2) Найдите предложения, где
употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в PassiveVoice; б) слово one
(ones); в) существительные в функции определения. 3)
Переведитеэтипредложения.
Text ВRespiration
The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) which takes place between the living organism and the
environment. One must consider that in higher organisms this exchange
takes place at several different levels. An initial exchange must occur
between the air in the lungs, from which the oxygen is being continually
taken up and into which carbon dioxide is being continually poured, and the
external air. This is the process of external respiration.
The composition of the air inside the lungs is different from that of the air
which we inhale. The content of alveolar air is very constant, especially the
one of carbon dioxide, the partial pressure of which is normally 40 mm of
mercury. This constancy is the result of a self-regulating mechanism by
which the respiratory activity is governed by the amount of carbon dioxide
which has been eliminated from the organism.
The exchange of gases varies according to the size and activity of the
organism. In man at rest the absorption of oxygen reaches about 0.25 litre a
minute and the elimination of carbon dioxide 0.2 litre. At a time of maximum
muscular activity, the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon
dioxide may both exceed 4 litres a minute.
The movement of air into the lungs is brought about by an increase in the
volume of the thoracic cavity with the action of the respiratory muscles. The
lungs follow this movement passively. Some of the inspiratory muscles
have a fixed point on the ribs; when the ribs are being raised the muscles
increase the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the thoracic cavity
(costal respiration). Another important muscle is the diaphragm, a thin
84 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
dome-shaped «sheet», which closes the lower part of the thorax and
separates it from the abdomen. The diaphragm contracts and flattens; it
contributes in this way to the extension of the vertical diameter of the
thoracic cavity and raises the ribs (abdominal respiration). At the time of
expiration, the thorax returns to its initial
/
position, and air is expelled through the same tracts that had been used
by fresh air during inspiration.
In an individual at rest the number of inspirations per minute is 10 to
15; the pulmonary ventilation, or the volume of air which passes through
the respiratory system each minute, is about 6 litres per minute. During
intense muscular activity the inspiration rate may rise to 50 and the
ventilation to 150 litres or more per minute.
Упражнение 8. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте
предложения, более полно выражающие мысль этих суждений.
1. The term «respiration» means the exchange of gases. 2. An initial
exchange between the air in the lungs and the external air is called
external respiration. 3. The exchange of gases varies according to the
size and activity of the organism. 4. The content of alveolar air is very
constant. 5. The diaphragm contracts and flattens.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 4
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с глаголом-сказуемым в
страдательном залоге.
1. Oxygen is being continually taken up from the lungs. 2. The ex-
change of gases varies according to the size and activity of the
organism.
3.
Some of the respiratory muscles have a fixed point on the ribs. 4. Air is
expelled through the tracts that have been used by fresh air during
inspiration. 5. The heart wall is composed of two layers.
(Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 14 Грамматичес-
кого справочника.)
Упражнение 2.
Прочтите
предложения, где словоone—
числительное. Переведитеэтипредложения.
1. The lungs are two in number and one of them is in the right half of
the thoracic cavity. 2. One must know that smoking is harmful. 3. The
right lung is separated from the left one by the mediastinal septum.
4.
There is one movable bone in the skull. 5. The right and left pleural
cavities are serous sacs with visceral layers and parietal ones.
(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 36 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Опишите органы дыхания, используя рис. 4.
Lesson 5О 83
LESSON FIVE ---------------------
-
-----------------------------------------------------
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1.
Неопределенные местоименияsome, any, noи их
производные (§ 7)
2.
Дополнительные, определительные и
обстоятельственные придаточные предложения (§ 29)
3.
Функции и перевод слова it(§ 35)
Часть I
Слова к части I
pelvis ['pelvis]п таз pelvic ['pelvik]а
тазовый enclose [in'klouz]
vзаключать, ссужать ^K'/ OOL. .
<V-Upsupport [sd'po:t]
vподдерживать
gall-bladder['дэ:1Ыаес1э]nжелчн
ый пузырь
stomach ['sUmak] nжелудок weigh
[wei] vвзвешивать, весить weight
[weit] nвес
wide [waid] аширокий
widen ['waid(a)n] v расширять(ся)
width [widO] nширина
long[1эг)1 а длинный
length [1ег)0] n длина
lengthen [legOan] v удлинять(ся)
inch [intf] n дюйм
narrow ['naerou] аузкий; v
сужаться
Упражнения
Упражнение
1.
Заполните
пропуски
неопределенными
местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.
&<V
1. Are there ... gramijiar^exercises in this textbook? 2. Give the patient
^analgetic.3.Can sbow me the way to the Rectorate? 4^/was allowed to
visit the boy because of the quarantine. J. My eyeglasses Шѐbad, I can't
see ... now. 6. You may ask ... to help you.
Ог. » Mn.
^octAjJeO^
Упражнение
2.
Переведите
следующие
предложения
с
неопределенными местоимениями some, any, по и их производными.
86 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
1. The diseases of the respiratory system depend in some way on its
anatomy and functions. 2. The laws of disease are as definite and well-
known as those of an^ other biological processrT.'The earliest symp-
toms of bronchitis rtrast be known to everyone. 4. Anybody may catch a
respiratory disease at some time or other. 5. No student has been absent
from the lecture today.
Упражнение 3. В следующих предложениях определите
придаточные предложения: определительные, дополнительные и
обстоятельственные. Переведитепредложения.
1. Whil^ oxygen is being taken into the blood, carbonic acid gas, or
carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the lungs and is breathed out.
2. If you hold your breath, the carbon dioxide immediately begins to
Л •
accumulate in the blood. 3. The tonsils can be removed in later life,
pfbvidfed the infection seems severe. 4. The right lung that is slightly
larger of the two is divided into three lobes. 5. The teacher explains that
the diaphragm contracts and descends with each inspiration. 6.
^henthelungsarefull, thediaphragmrelaxes.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения согласно образцу;
обратите внимание на перевод местоименияit.
Образец: Water is liquid. Вода - жидкость.
It is necessary for life. Онанеобходимадляжизни. It is
necessary for health to drink distilled water. Для
здоровья необходимо пить дистиллированную воду.
1. Medicalstudentsstudyanatomy. It is difficult for them. It is difficult for
them to study it. 2. The amount of air which the body needs varies from
time to time. It is necessary for the body. It is necessary for the body to
regulate it. 3. Blood is a red fluid. It is easy to see it when it escapes from
a blood vessel. 4. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. It is
dangerous for life. It is easy to diagnose it. 5. The larynx contains the
vocal cords. It is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support. It is
possible to examine it with special instruments.
,
;Л
i• » i
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, в
каких предложениях словоitне переводится.
1. It is possible to remove one lobe of the lung without any damage to
the rest. 2. The upper part of the respiratory system conducts air and
produces the voice; it consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and
bronchi. 3. It is known that internal respiration is the exchange of gases.
4. Cold on the surface of the body can change the amount of blood in the
nose or lungs when it is needed there. 5. It is by means of the organs of
respiration that air is taken into the lungs and oxygen is given to the
blood.