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Lesson 6 О- 93
the esophagus, contains lymph nodules which also have a protective
function.
The greater part of the muscular coat of the digestive tract consists of
two layers: an internal layer with circular muscle fibres and an external
layer with longitudinal muscle fibres. The wall of the pharynx and the
superior part of the esophagus, and the tongue and the soft palate all
contain striated muscle tissue. It is the muscular coat of the other parts of
the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Contractions of
the muscular coat move food along the digestive tract.
The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
is called the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two layers, visceral and
parietal. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is
fibrous in nature. , , ,
The digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain enzymes and
some other substances which take part in the chemical processes of
digestion.
In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the digestive tract,
there are also large glands: the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas.
Though these glands are situated outside the digestive tract, they
communicate with it through ducts.
Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with
nerve fibres and their endings. The nerves of the digestive glands regulate
the secretion of digestive juices. It is known that the nervous system not
only regulates the activity of each organ, but also coordinates their activities.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте В предло-
жения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите
их.
1. The digestive tract is divided into some parts. 2. The viscous coat of
the digestive tract facilitates the movement of food. 3. The muscles of
different types form the walls of the intestine. 4. The serous coat doesn't
cover all the oigans of the digestive system. 5. Enzymes take part in
digestion. 6. Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are situated outside the
94 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
digestive tract. 7. The nervous system regulates and coordinates the work
of the digestive organs.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 5
Упражнение
1.
Найдите
предложения
с
усилительной
конструкциейitis...thatи переведите их.
1. It is known that the abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. 2. It is the
liver that weighs about 1,5 kg. 3. It is essential to explain the anatomy of the
digestive system. 4. It is the nervous system that regulates the activity of
each organ. 5. It is the slippery mucus that protects the esophagus.
(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите §35 Грамматического
справочника.)
Lesson 3 О-95
Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которыхanyимеет
значение «любой».
1. Any lymph nodule of the mucous coat has a protective function. 2. Are
there any blood vessels in the mucous coat? 3. Unlike the organs of the
abdominal cavity the esophagus does not possess any serous layer.
4.
Any digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain special en-
zymes. 5. Are there any large glands in the digestive system?
(Ответ: 1, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 7 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите определительные придаточные
предложения.
1. The upper portion of the stomach which is called the fundus is at the
top. 2. The stomach when it is full becomes pear-shaped. 3. The gastric
juice is unusual for a body fluid as it is strongly acid. 4. The enzymes that the
digestive juices contain take an active part in the process of digestion.
5.
Nutrients are substances that help your body to grow and develop.
(Ответ: 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 29 Грамматического
справочника.)
LESSON SIX
THE URINARY SYSTEM
1.
Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (§ 17)
2.
Употребление форм настоящего времени вместо будущего в
условных и временных придаточных предложениях (§ 30)
3.
Функции и перевод словsince, as(§§ 37,38)
Часть I
Слова к части I
urine[ juarin] п моча urinary[
juarindri] а мочевой urethra
[jus'rirOrd] п мочеиспускательный
канал ureter [jud'rfctd] п
96 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
мочеточник excrete [eks'krfct]
vвыделять excretion [eks'kri:Jn]
nвыделение, отделение,
экскреция fine [fain] а тонкий,
мелкий margin[ ma:d^m] nкрай,
полоса, грань hilus ['haifos]
nворота органа (например,
легких) apex ['eipeks] nверхушка
finndus [ fXnd9s] nдно органа
numerous ['njuimsrgs] а многочис-
ленный
convey [kdn'vei] vпередавать
straight [streit] а прямой
lumbar['1лтЬэ] а поясничный
straighten ['streitn]outувыпрямлять-
bean-shapedа бобовидной формы
(ся), распрямляться)
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Напишите следующие предложения в a) PastIndefinite;
б)FutureIndefiniteсогласно образцу.
Образец: Неmust pass the examination in anatomy.
i к'
He had to pass the examination in anatomy.
1
He mil have to
pass the examination in anatomy. 1. The students may take all necessary
textbooks from the Institute library. 2. He can help you with your translation.
3. You must repeat the material of the lectures before the examination. 4.
They cannot translate
these articles without a dictionary. ■ . <
I
i ^
Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголамиcan, may,
must, should.
j,
1. In man, obstruction of the common ductof produce abdominal
symptoms and increase of serum amylase. 2. An ulcer UKjoccur only on an
epithelial or mucosal surface. 3. Appendicitis i^, be of different grades of
intensity. 4. In an attack of acute appendicitis nb food ... be taken by mouth
and no water except in very small sips. 5. There was general agreement that
the patient's diet ... be rich in protein and carbohydrates, but poor in fat. v
(
пилеу
^
Упражнение 3. Замените в следующих предложениях модальные
глаголы их эквивалентами
Lesson 6 О- 97
1. The doctor says that you may walk. 2. The vitamins are substances
which must be found in the diets of animals in order that they can utilize the
organic foodstuffs to best advantage. 3. When the appetite is impaired and
nausea and vomiting are common, meals must be small and be given at
frequent intervals. 4. With the disappearance of symptoms the patient with
infective hepatitis may leave his bed for purposes of toilet. .
Упражнение 4.Переведите следующие предложения. Определите
время глагола-сказуемого в главных и придаточных предложениях.
1. When dehydration occurs from excessive vomiting, parenteral feeding
will be used. 2. If the diagnosis is correct, the patient will be properly treated.
3. If coma develops, the patient will be transferred to hospital as soon as
possible. 4. If some infectious fever is diagnosed, the patient is moved to the
hospital in an ambulance. 5. If you hold your breath, carbon dioxide will
immediately begin to accumulate in the blood.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения.
Определите, какую функцию выполняет словоas.
1. In the process of metabolism certain waste products must be cast off
as the body has no use for them. 2. The liver clears the body of bilirubin
pigment which is produced as hemoglobin is broken down and red blood
cells are destroyed. 3. Bile acts as an emulsifier, with deter- gent-like effect
on the fats in the duodenum. 4. The pharynx serves as a passage-way for
air from the nasal cavity to the larynx as well as for food. 5. As the man
smells something he likes to eat, the gastric juice is
poured out in large quantities. /,
1\
Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите,
какую функцию выполняет словоsince.
1. Since penicillin was discovered a vast amount of information has been
accumulated concerning its use. 2. Senna is a favourite cathartic, since it
can be made up into a sweet mass. 3. Since the liver of poliki- lothermic
animals is less demanding than that of mammals, the liver of the frog is
generally used for different kinds of investigations. 4.
IhavestudiedEnglishsince2001.
Упражнение 7. Отработайте чтение следующих предложений.