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Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Подберите пары синонимов.
soon, which, readily, heart, quickly, that, easily, cardiac
Упражнение 2. Расшифруйте следующие сокращения.
e.g., i.e., etc., mm, cm
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие пары слов.
till - until, some - same, to effect - to affect, because — because of,
few ~ a few, to expand — to expend
W'
Lesson 7 Ф 119
Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст В (10 мин). 1) Найдите в нем
информацию: а) о природе сердечного удара; б) об особенностях
мышечной ткани сердца; в) работе желудочков сердца; г) факторах,
которые характеризуют работу левого желудочка. 2) Найдите и
переведите предложения: а) с причастиями I и II в функции
определения; б) со словамиafter, before.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В
предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и
прочтите их.
1. The heart beat is automatic and perfectly rhythmic. 2. Cardiac muscle
tissue has a special property. 3. Both ventricles expel the same volume of
blood. 4. The pressure in the aorta is about six times as great as in the
pulmonary artery. 5. The inhibition of the vagus and sympathetic centres
influences the work of the heart. 6. The stroke volume depends upon the
«venous return». 7. The chambers of the heart are able to supply
additional blood.
Text В
Nature оf the Heart Beat
The fact that the heart, completely removed from the body, will go on to
beat for a time shows that its beat is «automatic», i.e., does not require
nerve impulses.
The beat is rhythmic: it is not jerky; the ventricles relax fully before the
next contraction. This is explained by a special property of cardiac muscle
tissue. The period of time during which the muscle is not responsive to a
stimulus is called the refractory period. It is characteristic of the heart
muscle to have a long refractory period. When the heart muscle is
stimulated, it will contract but will not respond again to that stimulus
(though it may respond to a stronger one) until it has relaxed. This rest
period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in preparation for the next
beat. Even the heart forced to beat rapidly maintains a perfectly rhythmic
beat; although the beats come closer together, there is always that little
rest period in between.
The heart is a pump, but a double pump; the volume expelled by the
right ventricle is the same as that expelled by the left. When exercise is
suddenly undertaken, the «venous return», i.e. the blood returned to the
heart through the veins, is suddenly increased. For a few beats the right
ventricle does put out more blood than the left, but soon the additional
120 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
blood has passed through the lungs and is entering the left ventricle, l Yom
then on, both put out the same amount.
The Cardiac Output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle
forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term
refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is
twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this
special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the
blood. Another xeason is that it does a much greater amount of work than
does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.
Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of
beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).
1.
The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses
reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of
the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic
centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect
is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.
2.
The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that
is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke
volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable
of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is
increased - as it is in exercise — the chambers of the heart are able to
supply the additional blood. The walls Of right atrium and the great veins
are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.
The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the fol-
lowing manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on
the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is
squeezed out
1
into the veins; it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries
because the arterial pressure is high - and with each relaxation the blood
vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing
becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax
expands, blood is «sucked
2
into» the heart.
The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood
amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats
the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke
volume is increased.
Notes
1.
to squeeze out просачиваться
2.
to be sucked всасываться
Часть III
Lesson 6 О- 121
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 7
Упражнение 1. Укажите и переведите придаточные предложения, где
сказуемые переводятся настоящим временем.
1. Early Greeks considered that it was possible to transfuse animal
Mood to people. 2., The doctor was sure that the patient's blood belonged
to the first group.3. It is written that the blood was taken yesterday. 4.
Landsteiner showed that people possessed different kinds оI blood. 5 .
They are informed that conserved blood was brought two days ago.
(Ответ: 1, 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 18 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Укажите, и переведите предложения, где after и before
являются союзами.
1. After the blood was exposed to the air, the process of clotting hegan.
2. Before blood transfusion, it is ideal to have donor and recipient of the
same blood group. 3. The clot shrinks after its formation. 4. Lavoisier
found that consumption of oxygen was greater after the ingestion of food
than before. 5. After haemoglobin combines with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin
is formed. 6. Human serum must be diluted about Gne-third with water
before the cup-shaped corpuscles will predominate.
(Отает: 1, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического
справочника.) >
Упражнение 3. Укажите и переведите предложения, где причастия I и
II являются определением.
1. The clotting mechanism is extremely complex. 2. Fibrin is formed in
long, interlacing threads. 3. Fibrin is derived from fibrinogen, which is
ordinarily quite stable. 4. Blood platelets rupture readily when they are
exposed to any other environment. 5. There is a substance in the blood
called prothrombin. 6. The heart rate is controlled by a balance between
impulses reaching it over the vagus and the sympathetics.
122 ❖ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
f
(Ответ: 1, 2, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 20 Граммати-
ческого справочника.)
110^ Learning to Understand a Medical Text
LESSON EIGHT
RESPIRATION
1.
Причастия I—IIв функции обстоятельства (§§ 20, 21)
2.
Независимый причастный оборот (§ 22)
3.
Функции и перевод слов both, both... and( § 40)
Часть I
Слова к части I
participate [pa:'tisipeit]
vпринимать участие
influence ['influsns] nвлияние;
vвлиять descend [di'send]
vспускаться, сходить size ['saiz]
nразмер certain ['ssitn] а
определенный, некий
simultaneous[ simal'teinjas] а
одновременный follow ['folou]
vследовать за decrease [di:'kri:s]
vуменьшаться, убывать;
['di:kri:s] nуменьшение, упадок
risevподниматься, возвышаться
exertion[ig'z3:Jn] nнапряжение
accompany[э'клтрэш] vсопровож-
дать
fast [fa:st] а быстрый accelerate
[aek'sebreit] vускорять(ся) induce
[in'dju:s] vпобуждать, вызывать
accessory [aek'sesari] а
добавочный,
вспомогательный,
побочный assist [a'sist]
vпомогать
Упражнения
Упражнение
1.
Переведите
следующие
предложения
с
причастиямиI—II. Определитефункциипричастий.
1. Examining coagulating blood upon a slide by means of the ultrami-
croscope, it is possible to see small masses of coagulum. 2. Lymphocytes
fight disease producing antibodies and thus destroying foreign material. 3.
Methoxamine and phenylephrine are vasopressors that, when given
intravenously, elevate systemic vascular resistance. 4. The contraction
and relaxation processes in vascular smooth muscle display more differ-
ences than similarities when compared with those in skeletal and cardiac
muscle. 5. The patient examined complained of severe headache.