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Lesson 9 4» 129
antrum) and the pyloric canal, the latter being a tubular portion with thick
muscular walls about 3 cm in length, especially well marked in children.
When food has been swallowed (in the erect position) its weight is
sufficient to overcome the resistance of the contracted gastric wall and
some of it rapidly passes to the pyloric part. The remainder stays in the
body of the stomach. It is due to constant pressure on its contents, that is
forced them towards the pylorus/ Peristalsis begins almost at once, each
constriction starting near the middle of the stomach, and deepening as it
slowly progresses towards the pylorus. These waves succeed one an-
other, so that the pyloric part may present a series of constrictions. Their
effect is to force towards the pylorus the food which has been mixed with
gastric juice. The longer the pylorus remains -closed the longer the food
cannot escape and therefore is squeezed back, forming an axial reflux
stream towards the body. These contractions last throughout the whole
period of gastric digestion, and become more marked as it proceeds. Due
to their action a thorough mixture of food and gastric juice results.
Movements of the stomach may be observed even on a stomach which
has been excised and placed in warm water-salt solution. They must
therefore have their origin in the walls of the stomach itself.
Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В
предложения, более полно выражающие мысль суждений, и
прочтите их.
1. It is advisable to study the movements of the stomach by means of
X-rays. 2. The pyloric portion consists of the pyloric vestibule. 3. When
food has been swallowed some of it passes to the pyloric part of the
stomach. 4. Peristalsis begins near the middle of the stomach. 5. The
contractions last throughout the whole period of gastric digestion.
Часть III
130<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 9
Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых
инфинитив выполняет функцию а) подлежащего; б) обстоятельства.
1. Тоrender surgical assistance, a surgeon should have a lot of knowl-
edge and skill. 2. It is difficult to analyse the natural movements of the
stomach in the empty and full states. 3. Since all parts of the stomach are
not in the same transverse position it is therefore almost impossible to
speak of a normal position or shape of the stomach. 4. Enterokinase
increases the activity of all ferments in the pancreatic juice but acts as a
co-ferment to activate trypsin secreted in inactive form. 5. A calorie is the
amount of heat required to raise a kilogram of water one degree
Centigrade.
(Ответ:a) 2, 3; 6) 1, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 25
Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Найдите предложения с конструкцией сравненияthe...
the.Переведитепредложения.
1. When a small quantity of liquid is swallowed into the empty con-
tracting stomach, the liquid passes at once into the antrum. 2. The sooner
he finishes his experiment on mechanical action of smooth muscle
contraction, the sooner we start a new one. 3. The emptying rate of the
stomach increases progressively from the onset of the completion of
digestion. 4. The more high vitamin diet you try, the sooner you will
recover. 5. The more appetizing smell the food has the more digestive
juices will be poured.
(Ответ: 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 4 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите предложения с составным
предлогом dueto.
1. Pancreatic juice is a clear alkaline secretion due to the presence of
sodium bicarbonate. 2. The gastric secretion begins with food in the
stomach due partly to mechanical distension, partly to chemical stimu-
lation. 3. Nervous mechanisms permit due communication between widely
»
Lesson 9 4» 131
separated portions of the gastro-intestinal tract. 4. The effect of
stimulation of the splanchnic nerves is explained by the complication of
asphyxia due to simultaneous vasoconstriction. 5. Disturbances of di-
gestion may be due either to absence of certain secretions or to their
presence in insufficient amounts.
(Ответ: 1, 2, 4, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 39 Граммати-
ческого справочника.)
Упражнение 4. 1) Подберите к англо-американским единицам
измерений соответствия в метрической системе.
1) inch, 2) foot, 3) ounce, 4) pound
1)
28.35 г, 2) 453.59 г, 3) 2.54 см, 4) 30.48 см
(Ответ: 1-3, 2-4, 3-1, 4-2.)
2)
Переведите в метрическую систему.
5 inches, 4 pounds, 25 feet, 3 ounces
Упражнение 5. Опишите процесс пищеварения, используя рис. 9.
Lesson 10 4 127
LESSON TEN ------------------------- - ----------------------------------------------------
NUTRITION
1.
Инфинитив в функции определения (§ 25)
2.
Бессоюзные придаточные предложения: (§ 32)
3.
Функции и перевод словаfor(§ 37)
Часть I
Слова к части I
yield [ji:ld] vдавать (плоды,
результаты)
oxidation [pksi'deijn] п окисление
repair[п'реэ] vисправлять;
восстанавливать provide
[prg'vaid] vснабжать, обес-
печивать theformer[Ъ:тэ] а первый
(из двух
названных) distribute [dis'tribjut]
vраспределять equal ['i:kwsl] а
равный equality [ik 'woliti]
nравенство abundant [^'bAndant]а
обильный abundantlyadvобильно
132<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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upset [Ap'set] vнарушать;
расстраивать; опрокидывать
determine [di'tamin] vопределять;
обусловливать;
детерминировать essential [i'sen/1]
а существенный, ва:жный
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие
словосочетания; скажите, чем выражено определение.
attempts to increase the endogenous iron; the observations to be
described; capacity to clear blood ammonia; an analysis based on; blood
vessels surrounding the wall of the small intestine; the proteins to be
absorbed; protein diet; complex foods to be broken; obesity to be prevented;
food absorption
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите: а)
вид бессоюзных придаточных предложений; б) какой союз пропущен.
1. Studies in vivo we discuss here indicate that intestinal absorption is an
important pathway to regulate the quantity of iron in the body. 2. The
methods we present here were modified and gave satisfactory reproducible
results. 3. Mechnikov thought ©Id age was brought on by the absorption of
the products of the proteolytic group of organisms. 4. We know digestive
enzyme of the stomach is pepsin. 5. I.P. Pavlov showed (hat the digestive
juices flow at the sight and especially at the smell of lood.
Lesson 10 ❖ 133
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения со словомfor.
1. For the assay of enzyme activity the animals were killed, the liver quickly
removed, washed thoroughly with cold distilled water and placed in a beaker
with cracked ice. 2.Protein is essential for growth and repair. 3. Heart pain
persisted for half an hour so we had to dial 03 for the doctor to come. 4. The
patient is to keep the bed, for his disease may affect the heart.
Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. oxide, to oxidize, oxidation, oxygen, to oxygenate; 2. to distribute,
distribution, distributing; 3. equal, equally, equality; 4. abundant, abundantly,
abundance
Упражнение 5. Просмотрите текст А и определите тему каждого абзаца.
Text
АFoods
Foods are substances which when taken into the body yield energy on
oxidation, build new tissue, repair old tissue and play an essential role in
growth and nutrition. We know the oxidation of foods produces heat thus
maintaining the body temperature and providing kinetic energy for work.
Supplying bodily heat and energy and leaving waste materials behind the food
is «burned up» in combination with the oxygen to be furnished by the air we
breathe.
Scientists have studied the problem of food classification for many years.
Foods are to be divided into two general classes. These are inorganic and
organic foods. The former class includes inorganic salts and water. The latter
class includes carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are accessory
foodstuffs called vitamins which are essential to growth and freedom from
deficiency diseases
1
.
The overall composition of the body is about 59 per cent water, 18 per
cent protein, 18 per cent fat and 4,3 per cent minerals. At any time there
is less than 1 per cent carbohydrate in the make-up of the body.
Fig. 10.Composition of food.