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174<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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when the dentist pulls a tooth. What the novocaine does is preventing the
impulses from getting to the brain from the nerve in the tooth.
6. The cerebellum is the centre for making your muscles work as a
team. The medulla is the centre of certain of our most important acts:
breathing and heartbeat, on which life itself depends. The medulla is also
capable of controlling acts such as swallowing and yawning.
Упражнение 6. Переведите письменно абзацы 5 и 6 текста A.
i
Упражнение 7. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и
зачитайте их.
1. What do we know about the structure of the nerve cell? 2. How does
a nerve react to a stimulus? 3. How many parts is the brain made
up of? 4. What have scientists found out about the brain?
i
Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения,
выбрав одну из данныхing-форм, подходящую по смыслу.
^
ЧЧ. Ч
b
reacting, responding, combining, descending, controlling, containing,
cooling,Warming У
1. A large number of narcotics or anesthetics produce depression by...
directly wtith protoplasm. 2. ... decreases and ... enhances excitability. 3.
The human auditory receptors are capable of U to
%
a range from 16 to 20
000 molecular vibrations. 4. Electromagnetic vibrations include in ...
order: hertzian, infra-red, visible, ultra-violet, roentgen, gamma and
cosmic rays. 5. Nerves placed in solutions ... carbohydrate and fat cause
a decrease in both of these foodstuffs. 6. Cerebellum is the higher centre
for ... equilibrium.
л, ч ,
(O.'v-Л-'"Л
Упражнение 9. Переведите следующие предложения сing-формами
на русский язык, определите их функции.
1. The intensity of an impulse arising during the relatively refractory^
period is less and it decreases when passing through a depressed
stretch of nerve. 2. Functional nerve block can be produced without
cutting or injuring the fibres permanently. 3. Among the outstanding
symptoms found in cerebellar disease, ataxia (i.e. the inability of
maintaining equilibrium through failure of muscular coordination)
received a great deal of attention. Thus, a cigarette may be raised to the
Motor area
Lesson 13 <► 175
eye or a spoon may reach the ear and the patient (with cerebellar
disease) is quite incapable of easily touching the tip of his nose when the
eyes are closed. 4. Extensive pathological changes or injury of the brain,
including the frontal
f
Lesson 16 ❖ 176
lobes, cause both in man and inimal disturbances and abnormalities aich
as torpidity, inertia, inattention, indifference to surroundings, etc.
Часть II
Слова к части II
{
: '-'^'лН
tensenчувство, ощущение;
terminal[Чэ:шшэ1] nокончание
cutaneoussenseкожное ощущениеscatterfskaetd] vрассеивать(ся),
раз- pain [pein] nболь
брасывать
\ > -
imell [smel] nзапах; обоняние
augment ['o:gment] уувеличивать(ся),
thirst [0a:st] п жажда
усиливать(ся)
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.
classification, to classify, equilibrium, cutaneous, to distribute, corpuscle,
reflex, stimulus
Упражнение 2. Найдите в данном ряду слово, синонимичное данному
в начале ряда.
1. sense - feeling, sense organs, faculty, sensation; 2. to excite — to
cause, to respond, to arouse, to stimulate; 3. completely — partially,
always, fully, at last, to the end; 4. to augment — to decrease, to increase,
to stop, to stimulate
Упражнение 3. Найдите слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда.
1. знакомый - famous, known, near, close, familiar; 2. ощущение,
иосприятие — sense, sensibility, sensation, sensationism; 3. усталость
— hunger, thirst, fatigue, tired; 4. спускаться — to ascend, to come down,
to go down, to descend
Упражнение 4. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, какие органы
чувств описаны в тексте. Опишите механизм мышечных ощущений. 2)
Найдите и переведите предложения с ing-формами.
щ
Text В
*
Classification of the Senses
Sense organs are specialized endings of the sensory division of the
peripheral nerves.
We are commonly thought to possess five senses. Actually, there are
many more. We may classify them as follows: 1) the cutaneous senses —
Lesson 13 ^ 177
touch, heat, cold and pain; 2) the deeper senses — pressure and muscle
sense; 3) the internal senses, or senses from the internal organs of the body;
4) the special senses, or those in which the receptors lie in special organs -
sight, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell; and finally 5) the general body
senses — hunger, thirst, fatigue, sexual sensation, etc.
The cutaneous senses. There are said to be 500,000 touch receptors in
the skin. They are unevenly distributed, being most numerous in the finger
tips, lips and tongue, and least numerous on the back. Their receptors are
specialized structures called Meissner's corpuscles. The sense-organs for
cold constitute 150,000 receptors; they are the end- organs of Krause.
Warmth has about 16,000 receptors, the end-organs of Ruffini; and pain has
some 3,000,000 receptors. Pain receptors, however, are not specialized;
they are simply the naked ends of the pain nerves, ^soW^ftat branched at
their terminals. The Pacinian corpuscles are the receptors for pressure, and
the muscle spindles for muscle sense.
Proprioception. Everyone knows what pain and touch are, but proprio-
ception («muscle sense») may be less familiar. It is a very important sense
since it is the sensory link of a reflex controlling muscle tone and contraction;
and it also gives the brain important information about the location or position
of the limbs. Muscle spindles are tiny, spindle-shaped structures scattered
throughout muscles, and they are most numerous around the tendons and
joints. The stimulus exciting then* is muscle contraction and joint movement.
Since muscles are never completely at rest — one portion or another is
contracting all the time — there is a constant flow of nerve impulses into the
spinal cord over the muscle sense fibres. Any activity of muscles, such as
walking, augments the flow. Let us analyze the fact of walking. One foot is
lifted from the ground, moved forward, and, as it descends, the weight of the
body is shifted to this foot. The other foot is then lifted, moved, etc. Once a
child has learned to walk, he accomplishes this action not notising it; it is
done reflexly, and this reflex is one in which the sensory information comes
over the fibres of proprioception.
At any instant of time, the spinal cord is receiving information as to the
immediate, present location of the feet and legs, and it is sending out, over
motor fibres, impulses which continue the activity. At any time, a person
knows, without looking, approximately where his feet are and where his legs
are, since this information is also being sent to the brain.
Упражнение 6. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте
предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данных суждений.
1. There are more senses than we are commonly thought to possess. 2.
Besides touch receptors there are cold, warmth and pain receptors.
178<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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i Proprioception is the sensory link of a reflex. 4. Muscle contraction ind joint
movements excite muscle spindles. 5. Walking augments the How of
impulses. 6. The spinal cord and the brain regulate motor activity.
У пражнение 7. Передайте основное содержание текста В письменно.
У пражнение 8. Назовите наиболее важные центры головного мозга.
Проверьте себя по рис. 12.
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 13
Упражнение 1. Найдите герундий в данных предложениях.
Переведитепредложения.
1. The brain is the primary centre for regulating and coordinating body
activities. 2. Man receives his information concerning the outside world
through his sense organs. 3. We know of the position of an arm or ,i leg
without looking at it. 4. The nerves are trunks containing many nerve fibres
which are incased in a common sheath. 5. The conditioned i сflexes
discovered by I. P. Pavlov are the mechanism through which the body
responds to the outside world in avoiding injury, obtaining food and
performing many more complex acts. 6. The best method in this aise is
removing one adrenal totally and rendering the medulla of the other
non-functional by cutting the splanchnic nerves.
(Ответ: 1, 3, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 23 Грамматического
справочника.)
Упражнение 2. Найдите в следующих предложениях: а) герундий; б)
причастие; в) отглагольное существительное.
1. The brain has many different parts controlling different aspects of i he
body functions. 2. The cerebellum is located beneath the posterior part of the
cerebrum, its function being to aid in the coordination of voluntary
movements and to maintain balance and muscular tone. 3. The thalamus
monitors the sensory stimuli we receive by suppressing some and magnifying
others. 4. Professor told us about diagnosing the hypophi- sis disfunctions. 5.
The proprioceptors in the muscles not only supply information on the
condition of the muscles, but aid in controlling the energy and extent of
muscular activity. 6. Paralysis often results from the plugging up of blood
vessels, and consequent arrest of blood supply to an area of the brain.