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Lesson 13 ^ 179
(Ответ: a) 3, 4, 5; 6) 1, 2; в) 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 24
Грамматического справочника.)
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие пары слов.
1. a shoulder — to shoulder; 2. a load — to load; 3. a look — to look at...; 4.
a sign - to sign; 5. a dream — to dream; 6. an aim — to aim
(Ответ: 1. плечо—брать на себя, взваливать на плечи; 2. груз —
нагружать; 3. взгляд — взглянуть на...; 4. знак — подписывать; 5. мечта
(сон) - мечтать (видеть сон); 6. цель - целиться, направлять.)
III. Microbiology
LESSON FOURTEEN
VIRUSES. BACTERIA
1.
Условные предложения (§31)
2.
Различные функции глаголов shall, will, should, would (§ 33)
Часть I
Слова к части I
disease [di'zi:z] nзаболевание,
болезнь
particle ['pcctikl] nчастица expect
[iks'pekt] vожидать, предпо-
лагать
hereditary [hi'reditari] а
наследственный
facilitate [fs'siliteit] vоблегчать,
способствовать core[ко:]nядро
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие условные предложения на
русский,;
язык.
j
«>
if
1. The experiment would be ready by the end of the month if they
supplied us with all the necessary material on the problem. 2. If a transverse
section is made through the cerebral hemispheres, the inner white matter
and the embedded grey matter may be observed. 3. All sensations such as
touch, pain and temperature are lost if cerebral hemispheres are destroyed.
180<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Кfj tf
Л
4.
If a piece of ice were placed against the skin, it would cause a sudden
change in environment of the body and the sensation of cold would result.
5.
If a man touches hot water, he quickly withdraws his hand.
Lesson 10 ❖ 181
* пражнение 2. Напишите данные предложения так, чтобы они
выражали маловероятное предположение.
()бразец: If they get all the necessary material, they will be able to
go on with their experiment.
If they got all the necessary material, they would be able to
go on with their experiment.
1. If an object passes in front of the eyes, the changes in the intensity of
the light stimulate the nerve endings in the eye. 2. If food is taken into the
mouth, stimulation of the various receptors in the mucous membrane brings
about reflex secretions. 3. If one can make a nerve connection between the
sensitive receptor cells of the ear and the area in the brain associated with
sight, it will be possible to perceive, or «see» sounds.
Упражнение 3. Напишите данные предложения так, чтобы они
выражали упущенную возможность совершить действие.
Образец: If the doctor knows the reason of the patient's trouble, he
will help him immediately.
If the doctor had known the reason of the patient's trouble
yesterday he would have helped him immediately.
1. If the cerebral cortex in this animal is completely removed, no
connection reflexes will be formed at all. 2. If she takes part in the
conference, she will make a good report. 3. If we use new apparatus, we
shall save much time. 4. If the surgeon on duty does not operate patient N.,
serious complications may result.
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения с глаголамиshall,
will, should, would.
1. If you ascend in the atmosphere as in flying an airplane, climbing a
high mountain, or riding a fast elevator, the atmospheric pressure, and that
in the outer ear, will drop, while that in the middle ear remains the same. 2.
Damage to one side of the brain will cause paralysis on the opposite side of
the body. 3. He said he would prepare the report on the functions of sense
organs. 4. They shall attend this lecture by all means. 5. There are certain
aspects in the differential diagnosis which should be considered whenever
182Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
headache is found to be a distressing complaint in a patient. 6. He would
work in the Anatomical Museum if he were free.
1. to expect, expectable, expectance, expectant; 2. to facilitate, facilities,
facility; 3. heredity, hereditary, hereditarily; 4. part, partial, particle
Упражнение 6. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.
infectious desease, diseases of childhood, to suffer from a disease,
disease incidence, an expectant mother, a hereditary disease, partial
pressure
Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, что было известно о
вирусах до изобретения электронного микроскопа и что нового узнали
о вирусах после его изобретения.
Text А
Viruses
\
1.
/jFor three-quarters of a century, scientists have known that
many diseases of man, animals, plants and even of microorganisms are
caused by transmissible agents which cannot be seen under the light
microscope, they afe so small that they can pass through filters fine enough
to hold back the most minute bacteria. These mysterious invisible agents
were given the generic name;of virusesiln the 1930's, two great discoveries
were made which provided concrete information concerning the nature of
viruses. It was found that some of them would be crystallized almost as
readily as if they were ordinary chemical substances.
2.
Chemically, the active virus particles were found to behave like giant
molecules. At about the same time, the electron microscope became
available and permitted pictures to be obtained of these crystals as well as
of particles present in fluids and other materials having virus activity.
Viruses would now be seen as concrete objects instead of being merely
imagined.
3.
^)The first unexpected fact revealed by electron microscopy
was that the various viruses differ among themselves in shape and in size,
as various types of bacteria. The virologist can differentiate between
several types of viruses on the basis of their size and shape as revealed by
electron micrographs. For example, the vaccinia virus is rather large. In
contrast, the polioviruses are much smaller and yield very characteristic
Crystals. As to the tobacco mosaic virus, it can be crystallized in the form of
thin needles having different lengths. $The viruses that attack bacteria,
f
Lesson 16 ❖ 183
which are called bacteriophages, are more complex, at least in .hape.
Many of them have a thin tail and a large round or cylindrical hcad.VEach
active virus particle consists of at least two very different ivpes of structural
components. One structure made up of nucleic acid, carries the genetic
hereditary characteristics of the virus. Another, protein in nature, is thought
to protect this genetic apparatus and to facilitate its transfer from one
infected cell to another. For example, electron micrographs revealed that
virus of tobacco mosaic consisted of an inner constituent of nucleic acid
lodged within an outer coat, cylindrical in shape and made up of protein.
The central structure, the core, should be compared to the nucleus of
ordinary cells in higher organisms, which also contains large amounts of
nucleic acid and also carries the genetic endowment. In fact, the nucleic
acid core of this virus is its most essential constituent. However, proteins
and nucleic acids are not the only structural components of active viruses.
Certain viral particles have recently been shown to contain lipids as part of
their essential structures. High-magnification electron micrographs will
reveal furthermore that some of them possess a distinct membrane. If we
examined t he structure of some of bacteria under highmagnification
electron mi- croscope we should see that they possess a distinct
membrane.
Упражнение 8. Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый и второй
абзацы переведите письменно.
Упражнение 9. Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What have scientists known about viruses until the electrone mi-
croscope became available? 2. What two great discoveries were made in
the 1930's? 3. Can the virologists differentiate between the types of viruses
on the basis of their size or shape? 4. Are proteins and nucleic acids the
only structural components of active viruses?
Упражнение 10. Составьте письменно план текста А.
Упражнение 11. Найдите в каждом абзаце текста А предложение,
ныражающее основную мысль данного абзаца, и переведите его.
Упражнение 12. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, синонимичное по
значению первому слову ряда.
1. ordinary — everyday, common, usual, often, habitual; 2. to reveal- to
detect, to open, to find, to show, to demonstrate; 3. remarkable — usual,
seldom, unusual, interesting; 4. material — findings, essence,data,
evidence, matter