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184<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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Упражнение 13. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположное по
значению первому слову ряда.
1. inner - outside, out, outward, outer; 2. different - some, equal,
something, the same; 3. to facilitate - to prevent, to hamper, to influence, to
ignore; 4. within - out, outward, outer, out of, outside
Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите
функции глаголов:shall, should, will, would.
1. The most obvious properties of the ultramicroscopic viruses should be
classified according to a) their invisibility with ordinary microscope; b) their
refusal to multiply in artificial media; c) their ability to pass filters which hold
back the smallest known bacteria. 2. In 1892 D. Ivanovs- ki found that the
sap of leaves attacked by mosaic disease would retain its infectious
qualities even after filtration. 3. Before the middle of the nineteenth century
the word «virus» would be commonly applied to all toxic or poisonous
substances. 4. If you examined viruses in the electron microscope, you
would see that the particles of each type of virus possessed a characteristic
shape and size. 5. If the strains of virus to which people are subjected are
too different from thpse in the vaccine, the vaccine will become useless. 6.
They shall improve their method of investigation if they want to obtain good
results.
Упражнение 15. Переведите на английский язык данные предложения
письменно.
1. Вирусы вызывают заболевания у людей, растений и даже
микроорганизмов. 2. Вирусы табачной мозаики образуют кристаллы в
форме тонких иголок различной длины. 3. Некоторые вирусы, как
показали последние исследования, в своей структуре помимо белка и
нуклеиновой кислоты содержат липиды и оболочки.
Часть II
Слова к части II
consequently ['konsikwsntli] advеле- moisture ['moistfa] nвлага
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Lesson 16 ❖ 185
довательно, в связи с этим
pollute [pa'lu:t] vзагрязнять
distinction [dis'tirjkjn] nотличие, раз- pollution [pa'lurjn] nзагрязнение
граничение
Управления
Vnpaaoiemie1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова.
destructive, microorganisms, chlorophyll, spores, to vary, variety, ocean,
especially, polluted, alkaline, reservoir, mucus, mucous
Упражнение 2. Дайте исходные слова, от которых образованы
следующие производные. Переведитеихнарусскийязык.
1. occurrence, occurrent; 2. moisten, moisture, moistureless; 3. distinctly,
distinction, distinctive, distinctively
Упражнение 3. Прочтите текст текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на 2
части соответственно вопросам:
1.
What are bacteria?
2.
Where do they occur?
2) Найдите и переведите: а) условные придаточные предложения,
которые выражают маловероятные предположения; б) предложения с
много- жачными глаголамиshall, will, should, would.
Text В
What are Bacteria?
Bacteria rule the world. Man is dependent upon them from the day of his
birth until the hour of his death. They are man's most useful servants and
his most destructive masters. One is prone to ask: What are bacteria?
Where do they occur? What are their functions?
Bacteria are minute single-celled living beings devoid of roots, leaves
and stems. They are so small that they can be seen only with the aid of a
powerful microscope; They are often spoken of as microorganisms. This
term includes not only bacteria but all forms of life so small that you should
require the microscope in their study. They are often referred to as germs
or microbes. The early investigators considered them animals and would
refer to them as «animalcules».
186<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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If we examined the bacteria we should find that they have many of the
characteristics of animals. Some have the power of independent motion. All
are devoid of green colouring matter, chlorophyll; most of them are
compelled to live upon complex foods as do the animals. Their general
structure, their methods of growth, their formation of threads and spores,
and their simplicity in some of the lower forms of plant life, have caused the
biologist to class them as plants. However, it is impossible to make a
clear-cut
1
distinction between some microscopical plants and some
microscopical animals.^he important thing to remember is that .bacteria are
the simplest forms of life, and partake of the characteristics of both plants
and animals. For this reason, and for convenience, scientists agree to
consider the bacteria with the plants.
Where do bacteria occur? Bacteria are widely distributed, occurring
nearly everywhere. They are found in all natural soils, the number vary-
ing with the kind of soil, quantity of plant and animal debris present,
moisture and treatment. They decrease in number with depth. Although
they occur in air, it is not their natural home as under ordinary conditions
they cannot grow and multiply in it. The number and variety found in air
vary. The atmosphere of some high mountains and the air over the
ocean far from shore may be free from bacteria. City and country air also
differ from each other in the number and kind of bacteria which they
contain. There is a great variation in the air of buildings. Bacteria are
especially numerous where dust is plentiful.
Most natural waters contain many bacteria. In sewage and polluted
waters
2
they are especially numerous. If measures against pollution and
contamination of water were not taken in time there would be much
danger to people's health. They occur only in small numbers or not at all
in deep wells
3
and springs.
4
A turbid stream, which contains the drainage
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Lesson 16 ❖ 187
of many cities, has a great variety and number of bacteria in opposition to
the clear, rapid flowing water of uninhabited mountainous regions.
4
The intestines, owing to their alkaline reaction and the partly digested
condition of their contents, are a great reservoir of bacteria. In the upper
part there are few, but in the descending colon billions of bacteria are
present. Sometimes they constitute one third of the total dry contents of
the intestine. The health of the individual is determined by the number
and kind of bacteria.
The normal tissues and the blood of animals are usually free from
bacteria. If ordinary saprophytic bacteria entered the animal's body they
would be ingested and destroyed by leukocytes. Microorganisms are
rarely found on certain healthy mucous membranes, such as those of the
kidneys, bladder and lungs. Occasionally they pass through the skin or
the mucous membranes of the digestive tract after which they may be
found for a short time in the blood. In certain diseased conditions the
blood and tissues of man and lower animals become filled with bacteria.
Functions of Bacteria. The real significance of bacteria comes in the
fact that we are living in a world filled with them. They cannot be kept out
of the
Lesson 13 ^ 188
ilimentary tract. Considerable attention should be given to the favouring of i
he beneficial bacteria in man. The great Russian bacteriologist Mechnikov i
laimed that the rate with which man ages would be determined not by the
vears he has lived, but by the bacteria, which inhabit his digestive system.
Notes
1.
clear-cut четкий
2.
sewage waters сточные воды
3.
well колодец
4.
spring источник
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте предложения, более полно
выражающие мысль данных суждений.
1. Man is dependent upon bacteria. 2. Bacteria are very small. 3. Bacte-
ria are often spoken of as microorganisms. 4. They have many characteris-
tics of animals. 5. Some characteristics of bacteria have caused the
biologist to class them as plants. 6. We are living in a world filled with
bacteria.
ЧастьIII .
Контрольно - обобщающие упражнения к уроку 14
Упражнение 1. Найдите условные придаточные предложения, которые
ныражают: а) маловероятное предположение; б) упущенную
возможность совершить действие. Переведитепредложения. . **
1. If you observe bacterial protoplasm under the optical microscope, it
would appear simple in structure. 2. If the individual were in a healthy state,
a large quantity of virulent microorganisms entering the body would be
destroyed. 3. Certain water forms of bacteria, would die, if they were held
above 30°C for more than a few minutes. 4. If bacteria had entered the
body at the time of its active and unweakened condition they would have
given it a very mild form of the disease. 5. It certian hygienie measures had
been carried out we should have prevented the last year fatal epidemics.