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188<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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0 ; l \Normal lung tissue
Emphysema
Fig. 15.Alveoli in normal lung tissue and
emphysema.
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Smokers are not only polluting their own air with their cigarettei but are
subjecting non-smokers, who make up three quarters of the population,
to nearly the same health risk. Subjected to the effects of side- stream
smoke, non-smokers may breathe in many of the toxic chemicals of the
cigarette from the environment they are in and are, in fact, «passively
smoking». «Side-stream smoke» produced from the burning end of the
cigarette contains very high concentrations of toxic chemicals which are
usually ^perceived as unpleasant by both smokers and non-smokers.
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Allergic reaction to smoke is common. Asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema or ischemic heart disease sufferers
reactions to
passive smoking that range from mild nasal congestion and eye irritation
to headache, dermatitis and even a few life-threatening asthmatic
attacks. People with advanced respiratory and cardiac breath literally
light for life.
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Tobacco contains more than hundred known chemical compounds
including nicotine. Some of the substances found in tobacco remain in
the ashels of a burned cigarette; others are greatly changed during the
burning process. (Moreover, additional compounds are being produced
during combustion, and it is some of these materials that are of great
concern to scientists and physicians^ The composition of the cigarette
smoke that enters the human body has been the primary aim of most
analytical studies.
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Nicotine and at least 15 o^het compounds found in cigarette smoke are
known to be cancerogerls - cancer-causing substances. When a person
inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea
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Lesson 10 ^189
(windpipe) to the branchial tubes and into the lungs. Autopsies of
hundreds of human lungs have shown that it is precisely in these areas of
maximum, exposure that precancerous changed are most likely to
uppear.
Thus there are some relationships between smoking, lung cancer, and
many other respiratory conditions. Furthermore, cigarette smoke is itself
an irritant. Heavy smokers feel this irritation in their throats and will be
developing «smoker's cough» after a few years of smoking.
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190<>Learning to Understand a Medical Text
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Notes
1. commoncoldпростуда
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно
выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.
1. The cigarette consumption has been subject to certain factors. 2.
Few smokers realize the degree of damage to their bodies associated
with cigarette smoking. 3. Allergic reaction to smoke is common. 4. Ta-
bacco contains hundred chemical compounds. 5.
Cigarettesmokeisanirritant.
Упражнение 3. Используя нижеприведенные слова и предыдущее
упражнение в качестве плана, изложите основное содержание
текста В.
for example, despite, recently, in fact, moreover, at least, to be likely,
also, thus, furthermore
Часть III
Контрольно-обобщающее упражнение к уроку 17
Укажите, в каких предложениях глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме
страдательного залога во временах группы Continuous.
1. Neither antibiotic was being used in the course of treatment. 2. Now
everything is done to prevent respiratory diseases. 3. 10 of twenty exper-
imental patients who thought that they were inhaling irritants or allergens
developed chronic asthma. 4. We were giving penicillin to the patients
with bronchitis from April to May and came to the conclusion that it is not
helpful in this case. 5. A new drug is being tested successfully at the
Department of clinical pharmacology. 6. The percentage of patients with
serum hepatitis has been increasing since the first publication,
(Ответ: 1, 5. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 14 Грамматического
справочника.)
Lesson 10 ^191
LESSONEIGHTEEN ------------- ------------------------------------------------------
JAUNDICE. PEPTICULCER
Повторение: Модальные глаголыcan, may, mustи
их эквиваленты (§ 17)
Lesson 10 ❖ 192
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Напишите
следующие предложения:
а) в прошедшем нремени;
б) в будущем времени.
Переведитепредложения.
1. You must follow all the new
important medical researches in your Held. 2. By means of spirometry the
dynamic lung volumes may be assessed without difficulty. 3. He must
investigate a series of case reports before the lecture. 4. You may take
your analyses in the laboratory. 5. Chronic inhalation of cadmium fumes
can cause chronic progressive emphysema.
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения с модальными
глаголами:can, could, may, might, must, shall.
1. We could not detect any antibiotic activity in the sputum of our
patients. 2. The pre-treatment strains of two patients may be assumed 10
be sensitive to streptomicin. 3. Thinking about asthma or hearing a
description of an attack can even provoke asthma. 4. Every physician
must know the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. S. Heavy
physical activity shall not be resumed within the first three months after an
attack of myocardial infarction. 6. Professor explained lhat dogs inhaling
cigarette smoke over long periods might develop lung damage.
Упражнение
3.Дайтеисходныесловакнижеприведеннымпроизводным, simulation,
population, lining, investigation, accompanying
Упражнение 4. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов.
1. to investigate — investigator, investigation, investigatory; 2. bile -
biliary, bile-stained, bile-stone; 3. to complicate - complicated, un-
complicated, complication; 4. serum — sera, serous
Часть I
Слова к части I
complication [kompli'keijn]
nосложнение complicatedа
сложный uncomplicatedа
неосложненный owing ['ouiq]
toprepблагодаря whereas
[wesr'aez]conjтогда как
jaundice ['(feomdis] п желтуха
obvious ['obvias]а очевидный bile
[bail] п желчь biliary ['biljsn] а
желчный serum ['siaram] п
сыворотка investigate [investigeit]
vисследовать investigation
[in,vesti'geijn] nисследование