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Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите данные словосочетания.
г.
^
' ' , - • ^ с ,, ■ ^
, I .
t
^ I
bile duct, bile colic (calculus), complicated system (problem, mech-
anism, apparatus), complicated disease
„ ' , (N •
(
, ■ ,
Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, сколько типов
желтухи описано в тексте.
f, ' '< * (..Л -* А. А». I АЛ. .
J
' 'i tet A
/
Jaundice
v ,
JbvuM
f
\. Perhaps the most obvious symptom that may iesult from disease of
the liver or biliary passages is jaundice, and the estimation of the level of
bilirubin in the serum is to be therefore frequently carried out in the
investigation of a case of liver disease! V«
c
. f>)
2. The fact that sera from different cases of jaundice can give different
types of reaction has been used as a basis for differentiating between
different types of jaundice. Jaundice should be divided into three main
types, viz.: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular or «toxic» jaundice (with
or without some degree of accompanying obstruction) and haemolytic
jaundice. In uncomlicated obstructive jaundice, liver function is largely or
wholly normal, so that the bile pigments are excreted normally into the
bile passages; but owing to the presence of some obstruction (either a
stone impacted in the common bile duct, or obliteration of the duct by a
carcinoma of the head of the pancreas) the bile is unable to enter the
duodenum and has instead to be re-absorbed into the circulation. In
hepatocellular jaundice the function of the liver cells is changed so that
they can not excrete the normal amount of bile pigment reaching them in
the blood stream. In this case bilirubin level gradually rises. Iri haemolytic
jaundice the excessive amounts of bile pigment (which aite formed as a
result of the excessive red cell destruction) are incompletely excreted by
the liver cells and have been re-absorbed from the obstructive bile
194О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
passages. In hepatocellular or obstructive jaundice the excess of
circulating pigment has not passed through the liver cells.
Упражнение 7. Просмотрите текст А и найдите предложения, в
которых описываются симптомы каждого типа желтухи.
Упражнение 8. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и
зачитайте их.
1. What procedure has to be performed to diagnose a liver disease? 2.
How can a doctor differentiate between the types of jaundice? 3. How
1
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'-
,
f.
i ' Ъг&хт18 -0- 191
*
many types of jaundice are there? 4. How does the function of the liver
change in the cases of hepatocellular jaundice?
Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите данные слова.
perhaps, the fact that..., viz. (videlicet), so ... that, whereas
Упражнение 10.Составьте план текста А письменно.
Упражнение 11. Перепишите схему в тетрадь. Дополните ее.
JAUNDICE
1. obstructive
2. hepatocellular 3. haemolytic
SYMPTOMS
U
^ 4
1.
"
^^ ^ Г^ 'O.r,UXjUDlС
Упражнение 12. Заполнитепропускимодальнымиглаголамиcan,
could; may, might; must; should.
1. If you are ill you ... consult a physician and ... do what he says.
ЛSince one pack of 20 cigarettes contains 30 mg of cadmium, it is
possible that chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke ... lead to an en-
hanced cadmium intake. 3. The patient who receives the blood of the
diseased donor ... develop a positive test for the hepatitis antigen shortly
iilter transfusion. 4. This patient had received 1 unit of blood at opera-
lion and ... have viral hepatitis. 5. The patients with jaundice ... be
Immediately transferred to an infectious hospital. 6. Sera from apparently
healthy blood donors ... be always tested for the presence of hep- iititits
antigen.
Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения с
модальными II л голами и их эквивалентами.
1. Infectious hepatitis with a short incubation period can also be
nansmitted during blood transfusion. 2. There is experimental evidence i
hat the passive administration of Ig.G antibody interferes with the syn-
thesis of Ig.M antibody and in this way is able to alter the immune
icsponse. 3. Some researchers suggest that the. differences between
se- nim hepatitis and infective hepatitis might depend on whether a
common causative agent is or not bound by antibody. 4. The strong
associ- Hlion of the hepatitis antigen with acute viral hepatitis increases
the
suspicion that donor blood containing the antigen may be infectious. 5. You
should take the drug three times a day before meals. 6. We had to examine
samples from normal subjects who had been exposed to hepatitis. 7.
Convalescent sera from patients with hepatitis may contain trace amounts of
antibody and require further study. 8. 10 patients were to be studied with a
clinical picture quite compatible with acute hepatitis. 9. We were allowed to
follow up sera in 27 of 49 experimental patients with positive reactions for
hepatitis.
Часть II
Слова к части II
ulcer[aIss]nязва condition
[ksn'dijn] nсостояние, условие;
зд. Заболевание ascribe
[a'skraib] vприписывать
recognize ['reksgnaiz]
vраспознавать
respectively
[ris'pektivli]advсоотве- ственно
196О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
complain [kdm'plein] v
(of)жаловаться (на)
heartburn ['ha:tbs:n] n
изжогаsuppress [sd'pres] v
подавлять
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Определите значения указанных слов в данных
словосочс таниях и предложениях.
1.
condition - состояние, условие, заболевание; in good, bad con
dition; under favourable conditions; Ulcer is a common condition i any
country. The patient is in a critical condition.
2.
to recognize — распознавать, признавать; An emotional stress a
commonly recognized factor. The disease is easily recognized.
Упражнение 2. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Разделите его на
смыслов! части. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения с
модальными глаголами их заменителями.
TextВ PepticUlcer
There have been many bad jokes about ulcers, but the man who 1 one
really considers it not a laughing matter. Ulcer is a common con tion.
What causes ulcers? A peptic ulcer, as the name says, is an erosioi
the lining of the digestive tract as a result of the action of the enzj
Lesson 18 ^ 197
pepsin. An increase in the acid content of the gastric juice starts pepsin
digesting the mucosa. Most of the symptoms are ascribed to the high
degree of acidity of the juice. Not all persons with hyper-acidity must
develop ulcers. The second, commonly recognized factor is emotional
stress. Emotional stress produces conditions especially favourable to ulcer
formation. Peptic ulcer disease can be called a psychosomatic disease; an
actual bodily ailment, produced, or at least aggravated, by the mental and
emotional state.
There are two very distinctive varieties of peptic ulcer - gastric and
duodenal. Although they are found in two different places-the stomach and
the duodenum respectively — they look alike and cause similar distress.
Gastric ulcer is caused by the hormone gastrin, secreted during the gastric
phase of digestion. Distention of the stomach lining causes gastrin to be
secreted from the antrum; gastrin in turn stimulates the gastric glands to
work overtime. Gastric ulcers bleed into the stomach and may actually
perforate the stomach wall.
Duodenal ulcer, found in the first ten inches of the small intestine, is lour
times as common as gastric ulcer. This is the «ulcer of stress» mentioned
earlier, though the psychic factor is also present in other forms. The patient
usually complains of a pain and «heartburn» after meals (within the first hour
in case of gastric ulcer, from three to four hours after meal in duodenal
ulcer). Besides the pain which the patient is often unable to bear, he may
also suffer from frequent vomiting. If the gastric juice shows an abnormal
concentration of HCL, the diagnosis is practically certain.
Since the secretion of gastric juice is excessive in all forms of peptic ulcer,
proper diet should be neccessary for the suppression of secretion. This
means lhat the diet, instead of being appetizing, has to be monotonous, in
order to suppress the appetite juce. Meat and alcohol are to be forbidden.
Notes
HCL hydrochloric acid солянаякислота
Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно
выражающие, мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.
1. Ulcer is a common condition. 2. The first cause of peptic ulcer is an
increase in the acid content of the gastric juice. 3. Not all persons with
hyperacidity develop ulcers. 4. Gastric ulcer may perforate the stomach wall.
5. Duodenal ulcer is the ulcer of stress. 6. The proper diet should be
nesessary for normal secretion.
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