ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 03.11.2019
Просмотров: 32785
Скачиваний: 181
Lesson 21 О203
while passing downward to the bladder. The pain described radiates
toward the thigh. Hematuria is a diagnostic sign.
If the stone is not passed rapidly, infection may develop: pus in the
urine, fever, when obstruction is present. Ulceration in the ureter is rare.
Urine examination and X-ray help to diagnose renal colic. Treatment. If
the stone is «silent», conservative treatment such as forcing fluid,
sedation, etc., is prescribed. Analgetics may be required during the
attack of colic. Ureteral catheterization, on rare occasions
extra-peritoneal operation with incision into the ureter is necessary. If the
stones are present in both kidneys, it is preferable to operate first on the
kidney with the poorer function.
Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, выбрав нужную форму причастия.
Переведитепредложения.
1. One week prior to the admission, the patient developed diarrhea
(associated, associating) with weakness, fever and general malaise. 2.
That report describes an (immuno suppressing, immuno suppressed)
patient with mucosal and serosal ulcerations of the stomach, jejunum,
ileum and ascending colon. 3. Stones are often carried in the kidneys for
years (producing, produced) no symptoms. 4. The ulcer most commonly
(associated, associating) with the gastrointestinal system is the peptic
ulcer (occurring, occurred) as a gastric or duodenal ulcer. 5. The result of
nephrolithiasis may be obstruction of the kidney, ureter, or bladder
leading to (increased, increasing) pressure behind the stone.
Упражнение 10. Замените причастные обороты придаточными
предложениями, сделав соответствующие изменения, согласно
образцу; используйте союзы или союзные словаas, and, when, which.
Образец: The usual manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic
brought about by a stone in the kidney or ureter. The
usual manifestation of renal calculi is renal colic which is
brought about by a stone in the kidney or ureter.
1. The conditions for stone formation are: a cavity containing a fluid;
the fluid having salts in solution. 2. The salts held in solution in the fluid
are deposited on the foreign substances. 3. The foreign objects forming
stones in the kidneys and bladder are bacteria and the small shreds of
mucus. 4. All experimental patients described here had stones in the
204О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
bladder. 5. When collected in polypropylene bottles the urine was kept in
refrigerated lockers.
Упражнение 11. Составьте письменно план текста А.
Часть II
Слова к части II
susceptible [sa'septabl]а
чувствительный,
восприимчивый (к болезни)
scarlet[ ska:ht]feverскарлатина
toclog [kbg] засоряться
permeable ['pa:miabl] а
проницаемый diabetes[
dais'bi:ti:z] nдиабет, сахарная
болезнь incompatible
[,inkam'paetebl] а несов-
местимый hemoglobin
[,hi:mD'gloubin] nгемоглобин
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст В (10 мин). 1) Скажите, о каких
заболеваниях идет речь в тексте и существует ли какая-либо
взаимосвязь между ними. 2) Найдите предложения: а) где
употребляются I и II формы причастий; б) определите их функции. 3)
Переведитеэтипредложения.
Text ВKidney Diseases
There are three structures of the kidney which are susceptible to disease:
the glomeruli, the tubules and the blood vessels. However, it is
Lesson 21 О205
rare that only one of these structures is affected; what happens to one
frequently affects the others as well.
The disease in which the glomeruli are particularly involved is called
glomerulo-nephritis. It may be acute or chronic, the first frequently leading
to the second. It is often a sequel
1
to such a childhood infectious disease
as scarlet fever. In glomerulo-nephritis, the glomeruli become clogged with
exudate and cell debris so that the blood no longer flows through them.
Here a clearance test is useful; it will show that much smaller quantities of
filtrate are being formed than normally. The glomeruli being still open
become permeable to protein and albuminuria becomes very marked. This
leads to edema.
Diseases involving the tubules are called nephroses. They are usually
caused by poisons of various kinds, such as mercury, bismuth, uranium, or
carbolic acid. Some degree of tubular degeneration occurs, however, in
such diseases as diabetes, malaria and pernicious anaemia
2
, and also in
traumatic shock. Finally, athero-sclerosis of the kidney may occur,
reducing the total blood flow through the kidney's blood vessels.
What happens to the kidneys when incompatible blood has been used in
a transfusion? Hemolysis of red cells occurs, of course, and the liberated
hemoglobin circulates in the blood. Passing through the kidney,
hemoglobin (although its molecular weight is 68.000) passes through the
membrane into the tubules. If the amount is small, reabsorption occurs, but
in the amounts increased after an incompatible transfusion the hemo-
globin, passing through the tubules, is precipitated. This blocks the tubules;
they cease to function and finally die. Patients having received the wrong
type of blood can often be saved if the blood is thoroughly alkalin- ized; an
alkaline filtrate is formed and thus prevents precipitation.
206О- Learning to Understand a Medical Text
Blood cast
Wax cast
Fig. 16.Urinary casts.
Epithelial
cast
Fat cast
Lesson 21 О207
A common disease of the kidney, known as Blight's disease, includes
a number of different conditions. Bright was a physician establishing a
connection between degenerative changes in the kidney and the
presence of albumin in the urine. The discovery of albumin in the urine
usually indicates a faulty working of the kidneys. It means that albumin
from the blood plasma is being allowed to pass through the renal tubules,
and thus be excreted in the urine. At the same time the damaged tubules
fail to eliminate fluid. This fluid collects in the tissues and causes
swelling, or edema, of various parts of the body. The fluid is more likely
to collect in the legs and in the eyelids. Hence the puffy face and swollen
legs of the sufferers from advanced Blight's disease.
It must not be assumed, however, that the presence of a small amount
of albumin in the urine is necessarily a sign of Blight's disease. It is often
transient and of no great significance.
Notes
1.
sequel следствие
2.
pernicious anaemia [э'пЬпф] злокачественная анемия
Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно
выражающие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их вслух.
1. There are three structures of the kidney which are susceptible to
disease. 2. A clearance test is a diagnosing procedure in glomerulo-
nephritis. 3. Nephroses are caused by poisons. 4. The patients who have
received the wrong type of blood can be saved. 5. The presence of
albumin in the urine is a symptom of a number of conditions known under
the heading of Blight's disease.
Упражнение 3. Назовите заболевания почек, описанные в тексте В.